硫酸铜、敌百虫、聚维酮碘对吉富罗非鱼的急性毒性及组织病理学研究

戴瑜来; 王宇希; 许宝青; 戴杨鑫; 林启存; 蔡丽娟

doi:10.12131/20230093

硫酸铜、敌百虫、聚维酮碘对吉富罗非鱼的急性毒性及组织病理学研究

doi: 10.12131/20230093

杭州市农业科学研究院，浙江杭州 310024

基金项目: 杭州市农业科技协作与创新攻关项目 (202209TD16)；杭州市科技特派员专项 (20221122I35)；杭州市农科院科技创新与示范推广基金项目 (2022HNCT-01)

详细信息

通讯作者:
戴瑜来 (1986—)，男，工程师，硕士，研究方向为水产病害防治与水域环境监测。E-mail: dylaiuai111@163.com

中图分类号: S 948
计量
- 文章访问数: 41
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-04-30
- 修回日期: 2023-07-13
- 录用日期: 2023-08-01
- 网络出版日期: 2023-08-10

Study on acute toxicity and histopathology of copper sulfate, trichlorfon and povidone-iodine to GIFT tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China

摘要

摘要: 为评估水产养殖中常用药物——硫酸铜、敌百虫、聚维酮碘的合理给药量及其安全性，以及对吉富罗非鱼 (Oreochromis niloticus) 的毒害作用，采用静态急性毒性试验法，研究了这3种药物对吉富罗非鱼鱼苗的急性毒性及组织病理影响。结果表明，硫酸铜对吉富罗非鱼24、48和96 h的半致死浓度 (LC₅₀) 分别为13.715、10.351和5.896 mg∙L⁻¹，安全浓度 (SC) 为1.769 mg∙L⁻¹；敌百虫对吉富罗非鱼24、48和96 h的LC₅₀分别为43.036、25.887 和16.689 mg∙L⁻¹，SC为2.810 mg∙L⁻¹；聚维酮碘对吉富罗非鱼24、48和96 h的LC₅₀分别为10.509、9.301和8.674 mg∙L⁻¹，SC为2.190 mg∙L⁻¹。组织病理学研究结果显示，硫酸铜暴露可造成鳃丝轮廓模糊不清、鳃组织空泡化，肝组织空隙变大、空泡化、细胞核萎缩，脑组织神经纤维出现破损、细胞凋亡，肾小管结构破坏、核膜破损；敌百虫暴露可造成鳃组织破坏、细胞凋亡，肝组织无核化、线粒体肿胀及空泡化，脑组织神经纤维破损、核固缩，肾间质出血；聚维酮碘暴露可造成鳃丝萎缩、线粒体双层膜结构不完整，肝组织空泡化、细胞出现凋亡，神经纤维轻微破损。研究表明，硫酸铜、敌百虫、聚维酮碘对于该研究规格的吉富罗非鱼是较为安全的药物，但需谨慎控制使用剂量，以免造成不可逆的组织损伤。
- 吉富罗非鱼 /
- 硫酸铜 /
- 敌百虫 /
- 聚维酮碘 /
- 急性毒性 /
- 组织病理
Abstract: In order to evaluate the reasonable dosage and safety of copper (II) sulfate, metrifonate and povidone-iodine, which are commonly used in aquaculture, and their toxic effects on GIFT tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), we tested their acute toxicity and histopathological effects on GIFT tilapia under hydrostatic conditions. The results show that the LC₅₀s (24, 48 and 96 h) of copper sulfate were 13.715, 10.351 and 5.896 mg∙L⁻¹, respectively, and the safety concentration was 1.769 mg∙L⁻¹. The LC₅₀s (24, 48 and 96 h) of trichlorfon were 43.036, 25.887 and 16.689 mg∙L⁻¹, respectively, and the safety concentration was 2.810 mg∙L⁻¹. The LC₅₀s (24, 48 and 96 h) of povidone iodine were 10.509, 9.301 and 8.674 mg∙L⁻¹, respectively, and the safety concentration was 2.190 mg∙L⁻¹. Histopathological observation suggests that copper sulfate exposure can cause blurred gill filament outline, vacuolation of gill tissue, enlargement of liver tissue gap, vacuolation and nuclear atrophy, damage of nerve fibers in brain tissue, cell apoptosis, damage of renal tubular structure and nuclear membrane. Trichlorfon exposure can cause gill tissue damage and cell apoptosis, liver tissue denuclearization, mitochondrial swelling and vacuolation, brain tissue nerve fiber damage, nuclear pyknosis and renal interstitial hemorrhage. Exposure to povidone iodine can cause atrophy of gill filaments, incomplete structure of mitochondrial bilayer membrane, vacuolation of liver tissue, apoptosis of cells, and slight damage of nerve fibers. In conclusion, copper sulfate, trichlorfon and povidone iodine are relatively safe drugs for tilapia, but the dosage of the drugs should be carefully controlled to avoid irreversible tissue damage.
- GIFT tilapia /
- Copper (II) sulfate /
- Metrifonate /
- Povidone-iodine /
- Acute toxicity /
- Histopathology

图 1 不同药物作用下鳃组织的变化

注：a. 对照组；b. 8.435 mg∙L⁻¹硫酸铜处理组；c. 28.284 mg∙L⁻¹敌百虫处理组；d. 16.870 mg∙L⁻¹聚维酮碘处理组。

Figure 1. Changes of gill by different drugs

Note: a. Control group; b. 8.435 mg∙L⁻¹ copper sulfate treatment; c. 28.284 mg∙L⁻¹ trichlorfon treatment; d. 16.870 mg∙L⁻¹ povidone-iodine treatment.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 不同药物作用下肝组织的变化

注：a. 对照组；b. 8.435 mg∙L⁻¹硫酸铜处理组；c. 28.284 mg∙L⁻¹敌百虫处理组；d. 16.870 mg∙L⁻¹聚维酮碘处理组。

Figure 2. Changes of liver by different drugs

Note: a. Control group; b. 8.435 mg∙L⁻¹ copper sulfate treatment; c. 28.284 mg∙L⁻¹ trichlorfon treatment; d. 16.870 mg∙L⁻¹ povidone-iodine treatment.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 不同药物作用下脑组织的变化

注：a. 对照组；b. 8.435 mg∙L⁻¹硫酸铜处理组；c. 28.284 mg∙L⁻¹敌百虫处理组；d. 16.870 mg∙L⁻¹聚维酮碘处理组。

Figure 3. Changes of brain by different drugs

Note: a. Control group; b. 8.435 mg∙L⁻¹ copper sulfate treatment; c. 28.284 mg∙L⁻¹ trichlorfon treatment; d. 16.870 mg∙L⁻¹ povidone-iodine treatment.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 不同药物作用下肾组织的变化

注：a. 对照组；b. 8.435 mg∙L⁻¹硫酸铜处理组；c. 28.284 mg∙L⁻¹敌百虫处理组；d. 16.870 mg∙L⁻¹聚维酮碘处理组。

Figure 4. Changes of kidney by different drugs

Note: a. Control group; b. 8.435 mg∙L⁻¹ copper sulfate treatment; c. 28.284 mg∙L⁻¹ trichlorfon treatment; d. 16.870 mg∙L⁻¹ povidone-iodine treatment.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 不同药物作用下鳃组织的变化 (透射电镜)

注：a. 对照组 (15 000×)；b. 8.435 mg∙L⁻¹硫酸铜处理组 (8 000×)；c. 28.284 mg∙L⁻¹敌百虫处理组 (8 000×)；d. 16.870 mg∙L⁻¹聚维酮碘处理组 (15 000×)。

Figure 5. Changes of gill by different drugs (TEM)

Note: a. Control group (15 000×); b. 8.435 mg∙L⁻¹ copper sulfate treatment (8 000×); c. 28.284 mg∙L⁻¹ trichlorfon treatment (8 000×); d. 16.870 mg∙L⁻¹ povidone-iodine treatment (15 000×).

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 不同药物作用下肝组织的变化 (透射电镜)

注：a. 对照组 (8 000×)；b. 8.435 mg∙L⁻¹硫酸铜处理组 (7 000×)；c. 28.284 mg∙L⁻¹敌百虫处理组 (25 000×)；d. 16.870 mg∙L⁻¹聚维酮碘处理组 (10 000×)。

Figure 6. Changes of liver by different drugs (TEM)

Note:a. Control group (8 000×); b. 8.435 mg∙L⁻¹ copper sulfate treatment (7 000×); c. 28.284 mg∙L⁻¹ trichlorfon treatment (25 000×); d. 16.870 mg∙L⁻¹ povidone-iodine treatment (10 000×).

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 7 不同药物作用下脑组织的变化 (射电镜)

注：a. 对照组 (10 000×)；b. 8.435 mg∙L⁻¹硫酸铜处理组 (8 000)×；c. 28.284 mg∙L⁻¹敌百虫处理组 (8 000×)；d. 16.870 mg∙L⁻¹聚维酮碘处理组 (8 000×)。

Figure 7. Changes of brain by different drugs (EM)

Note: a. Control group (10 000×); b. 8.435 mg∙L⁻¹ copper sulfate treatment (8 000×); c. 28.284 mg∙L⁻¹ trichlorfon treatment (8 000×); d. 16.870 mg∙L⁻¹ povidone-iodine treatment (8 000×).

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 8 不同药物作用下肾组织的变化 (电镜)

注：a. 对照组 (8 000×)；b. 8.435 mg∙L⁻¹硫酸铜处理组 (8 000×)；c. 28.284 mg∙L⁻¹敌百虫处理组 (10 000×)；d. 16.870 mg∙L⁻¹聚维酮碘处理组 (10 000×)。

Figure 8. Changes of kidney by different drugs (EM)

Note: a. Control group (8 000×); b. 8.435 mg∙L⁻¹ copper sulfate treatment (8 000×); c. 28.284 mg∙L⁻¹ trichlorfon treatment (10 000×); d. 16.870 mg∙L⁻¹ povidone-iodine treatment (10 000×).

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 用药浓度

Table 1. Concentrations of test drugs

药物 Drug	质量浓度 Mass concentration/(mg∙L⁻¹)
药物 Drug	I	II	III	IV	V
硫酸铜 Copper sulphate	1.500	2.667	4.743	8.435	15.000
敌百虫 Trichlorfon	10.000	14.142	20.000	28.284	40.000
聚维酮碘Povidone iodine	3.000	5.335	9.487	16.870	30.000

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 硫酸铜对吉富罗非鱼的毒性试验结果

Table 2. Effects of copper sulfate on GIFT tilapia

质量浓度 Mass concentration/ (mg∙L⁻¹)	试验鱼数 Number of tests/ 尾	平均死亡率 Average mortality			LC₅₀ 及 95% 置信区间 LC₅₀ and 95% confidence interval/(mg∙L⁻¹)			安全浓度 SC/(mg∙L⁻¹)
质量浓度 Mass concentration/ (mg∙L⁻¹)	试验鱼数 Number of tests/ 尾	24 h	48 h	96 h	24 h	48 h	96 h	安全浓度 SC/(mg∙L⁻¹)
1.500	30	0.000	0.000	0.000	13.715 (10.800~17.417)	10.351 (7.925~13.519)	5.896 (4.860~7.152)	1.769
2.667	30	0.000	0.000	0.067
4.743	30	0.000	0.122	0.344
8.435	30	0.111	0.333	0.711
15.000	30	0.544	0.689	1.000

下载: 导出CSV

表 3 敌百虫对吉富罗非鱼的毒性试验结果

Table 3. Effects of trichlorfon on GIFT tilapia

质量浓度 Mass concentration/ (mg∙L⁻¹)	试验鱼数 Number of tests/尾	平均死亡率 Average mortality			LC₅₀ 及 95% 置信区间 LC₅₀ and 95% confidence interval/(mg∙L⁻¹)			安全浓度 SC/(mg∙L⁻¹)
质量浓度 Mass concentration/ (mg∙L⁻¹)	试验鱼数 Number of tests/尾	24 h	48 h	96 h	24 h	48 h	96 h	安全浓度 SC/(mg∙L⁻¹)
10.000	30	0.000	0.044	0.100	43.036 (36.065~51.356)	25.887 (20.473~32.733)	16.689 (13.589~20.496)	2.810
14.142	30	0.033	0.089	0.367
20.000	30	0.000	0.156	0.611
28.284	30	0.100	0.578	0.944
40.000	30	0.156	0.890	1.000

下载: 导出CSV

表 4 聚维酮碘对吉富罗非鱼的毒性试验结果

Table 4. Effects of povidone iodine on GIFT tilapia

质量浓度 Mass concentration/ (mg∙L⁻¹)	试验鱼数 Number of tests/ 尾	平均死亡率 Average mortality			LC₅₀ 及 95% 置信区间/mg∙L⁻¹ LC₅₀ and 95% confidence interval/(mg∙L⁻¹)			安全浓度 SC/(mg∙L⁻¹)
质量浓度 Mass concentration/ (mg∙L⁻¹)	试验鱼数 Number of tests/ 尾	24 h	48 h	96 h	24 h	48 h	96 h	安全浓度 SC/(mg∙L⁻¹)
3.000	30	0.000	0.00	0.00	10.509 (8.135~13.576)	9.301 (7.457~11.615)	8.674 (7.164~10.503)	2.190
5.335	30	0.078	0.089	0.089
9.487	30	0.467	0.533	0.567
16.870	30	0.778	0.911	1.000
30.000	30	1.000	1.000	1.000

下载: 导出CSV

表 5 3种药物常用质量浓度与安全浓度对比

Table 5. Comparison of three drugs commonly used and safe concentrations of drugs

药物 Drug	常用质量浓度 Common concentration/ (mg∙L⁻¹)	安全浓度 Safe concentration/ (mg∙L⁻¹)
硫酸铜 Copper sulfate	0.4~0.7 (泼洒)^[40]	1.769
敌百虫 Trichlorfon	0.2~0.5 (泼洒)^[41]	2.810
聚维酮碘 Povidone iodine	0.2~0.5 (泼洒)^[42]	2.190

下载: 导出CSV

参考文献(43)

[1]	颜子渊, 邓真德, 张竞, 等. 环境铜离子对吉富罗非鱼生长性能、脂代谢、肝胰脏和脾脏组织的影响[J]. 水生生物学报, 2022, 46(11): 1631-1641.
[2]	祝璟琳, 邹芝英, 李大宇, 等. 四个罗非鱼选育品种抗链球菌病能力差异研究[J]. 水生生物学报, 2017, 41(6): 1232-1241.
[3]	刘伟, 蒋明, 吴凡, 等. 饲料能量密度和投喂水平对吉富罗非鱼生长和健康的影响[J]. 水生生物学报, 2022, 46(1): 58-68.
[4]	REVITA S, ADI B, MARINA E, et al. Temporal trends of tilapia lake virus disease in Israel, 2017-2018[J]. Transbound Emerg Dis, 2020, 68(6): 3025-3033.
[5]	ZHANG D F, GAO Y X, KE X L, et al. Bacillus velezensis LF01: in vitro antimicrobial activity against fish pathogens, growth performance enhancement, and disease resistance against streptococcosis in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)[J]. Appl Microbiol Biot, 2019, 103(21-22): 9023-9035. doi: 10.1007/s00253-019-10176-8
[6]	NICHOLSON P, MONON N, JAEMWIMOL P, et al. Coinfection of tilapia lake virus and Aeromonas hydrophila synergistically increased mortality and worsened the disease severity in tilapia (Oreochromis spp. )[J]. Aquaculture, 2020, 520: 734746. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734746
[7]	AMPHAN S, UNAJAK S, PRINTRAKOON C, et al. Feeding-regimen of β-glucan to enhance innate immunity and disease resistance of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus Linn., against Aeromonas hydrophila and Flavobacterium columnare[J]. Fish Shellfish Imm, 2019, 87: 120-128. doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.12.062
[8]	MARINANNA V R, JULIANA F C, FRANCISCO B G, et al. Sinuolinea niloticus n. sp., a myxozoan parasite that causes disease in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)[J]. Parasitol Res, 2016, 115(11): 4307-4316. doi: 10.1007/s00436-016-5214-z
[9]	PÁDUA S B, FILHO R N M, MARTINS M L, et al. A survey of epitheliocystis disease in farmed Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus, 1758) in Brazil[J]. J Appl Ichthyol, 2015, 31(5): 927-930. doi: 10.1111/jai.12840
[10]	HARRISON C K, SHIMAE A, ESTHER M, et al. Genetic parameters for black spot disease (diplopstomiasis) caused by Uvulifer sp. infection in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L. )[J]. Aquaculture, 2020, 532: 736039.
[11]	TAVARES-DIAS M, MARCHIORI N D C, MARTINS M L. Paratrichodina africana (Ciliophora: Trichodinidae) of wild and cultured Nile tilapia in the Northern Brazil Paratrichodina africana (Ciliophora: Trichodinidae) de tilápia do Nilo selvagem e cultivada no Norte do Brasil[J]. Rev Bras Parasitol V, 2018, 22(2): 248-252.
[12]	AGUSTINA S S, TASRUDDIN, LAYOO N. The use of concentration of piper betle leaf extracts in commercial feed to parasites intensity of Trichodina sp. that attacked tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)[J]. J Phy, 2019, 1179: 012182.
[13]	XU W N, LIU W B, LIU Z P. Trichlorfon-induced apoptosis in hepatocyte primary cultures of Carassius auratus gibelio[J]. Chemosphere, 2009, 77(7): 895-901. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.08.043
[14]	VARANKA Z, ROJIK I, VARANKA I, et al. Biochemical and morphological changes in carp (Cyprinus carpio L. ) liver following exposure to copper sulfate and tannic acid[J]. Comp Biochem Phys C, 2001, 467-478.
[15]	HEDAYATI A, DARABITABAR F, BAGHERI T, et al. Histopathological impairment of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) induced through povidone-iodine exposure[J]. Microsc Res Techniq, 2018, 81(11): 1257-1260. doi: 10.1002/jemt.23131
[16]	缪成贤, 张亚群, 闫振龙, 等. 毒性试验组织病理学结果有害作用判断概述[J]. 药物评价研究, 2022, 45(8): 1480-1486.
[17]	周永欣, 章宗涉. 水生生物学毒性试验方法[M]. 北京: 农业出版社, 1989: 79-83.
[18]	明道绪. 兽医统计方法[M]. 成都: 成都科技大学出版社, 1991: 200-203.
[19]	赵巧雅. 重金属铜对斑马鱼鳃的毒性作用研究[D]. 南京: 南京农业大学, 2017: 27-31.
[20]	李天才, 刘小帅, 刘明昌, 等. 硫酸铜对不同规格短须裂腹鱼苗的急性毒性研究[J]. 南方农业学报, 2021, 52(3): 837-846.
[21]	AARDT W J V, HOUGH M. The effect of short-term Cu exposure on the oxygen consumption and Cu accumulation of mudfish (Labeo capensis) and the largemouth bass (Micropteris salmoides) in hard water[J]. Water SA, 2007, 33(5): 701-708.
[22]	JOOYANDEH F, SADEGHPOUR A, KHARA H, et al. Histopathological and bacterial study of skin and gill of grass carp, Ceteopharyngodon idella, (Valenciennes 1844) exposed to copper sulfate and potassium permanganate[J]. J Parasit Dis, 2016, 40(3): 1009-1013. doi: 10.1007/s12639-014-0625-1
[23]	胡亚东. 纳米铜和硫酸铜暴露对暗纹东方鲀组织病变及内质网应激的影响[D]. 南京: 南京师范大学, 2020: 51.
[24]	马莉芳. 水体铜对黄河鲤毒性的研究[D]. 郑州: 河南农业大学, 2013: 15-16.
[25]	FENG T, LI Z B, GUO X Q, et al. Effects of trichlorfon and sodium dodecyl sulphate on antioxidant defense system and acetylcholinesterase of Tilapia nilotica in vitro[J]. Pestic Biochem Phys, 2008, 92(3): 107-113. doi: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2007.10.002
[26]	辛桂瑜, 侯小露, 梁敏敏, 等. 敌百虫对奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼的急性毒性及安全浓度评价[J]. 水产科技情报, 2021, 48(1): 45-50.
[27]	吴中华. 晶体敌百虫对黄鳝肝组织、酶活性及相关去毒基因表达的影响[D]. 南昌: 江西农业大学, 2014: 10-21.
[28]	CARDOSO I, SOARES M, ANGELIS C, et al. Physiological and biochemical responses of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) to acute trichlorfon exposure[J]. Int Aquat Res, 2020, 12(4): 243-253.
[29]	WANG X F, CHANG X L, ZHAO L F, et al. Trichlorfon exposure in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) leads to oxidative stress, neurotoxicity, and immune responses[J]. Aquaculture, 2022, 548: 737681. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737681
[30]	XU W N, LIU W B, LIU Z P. Trichlorfon-induced apoptosis in hepatocyte primary cultures of Carassius auratus gibelio[J]. Chemosphere, 2009, 77(7): 895-901. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.08.043
[31]	XU W N, LIU W B, SHAO X P, et al. Effect of trichlorfon on hepatic lipid accumulation in crucian carp Carassius auratus gibelio[J]. J Aquat Anim Health, 2012, 24(3): 185-194. doi: 10.1080/08997659.2012.675937
[32]	CHANG X L, WANG X F, FENG J C, et al. Impact of chronic exposure to trichlorfon on intestinal barrier, oxidative stress, inflammatory response and intestinal microbiome in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)[J]. Environ Pollut, 2020, 259: 113846. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113846
[33]	TAWEEL A, SHUHAIMI-OTHMAN M, AHMAD A K. In vivo acute toxicity tests of some heavy metals to tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus)[J]. J Biol Sci, 2013, 13(5): 365-371. doi: 10.3923/jbs.2013.365.371
[34]	李燕华, 王梦杰, 马本贺, 等. 3种常用渔药对攀鲈幼鱼的急性毒性试验[J]. 水产科技情报, 2021, 48(2): 94-98.
[35]	OWARI N B, 马晶晶, 王鸣, 等. 三种常用药物对黑鲷幼鱼的急性毒性试验[J]. 饲料工业, 2010, 31(16): 45-46.
[36]	陈罗明, 凌去非, 魏宾, 等. 四种常用鱼药对梭鲈鱼种的急性毒性实验[J]. 农业环境科学学报, 2006, 25: 492-495.
[37]	孙博, 刘琦, 裘丽萍, 等. 2种渔药对吉富罗非鱼幼鱼急性毒性研究[J]. 环境科学与技术, 2015, 38(11): 125-129.
[38]	施钢, 陈刚, 张健东, 等. 4种水产药物对蓝点笛鲷幼鱼急性毒性试验[J]. 南方水产科学, 2011, 7(3): 50-55.
[39]	罗刚, 许建和, 滕亚娟. 五种药物对梭鱼鱼种的急性毒性试验[J]. 水产科技情报, 2012, 39(1): 42-45.
[40]	SILVA A F D, CRUZ C D, REZENDE F R L D, et al. Copper sulfate acute ecotoxicity and environmental risk for tropical fish[J]. Acta Sci-Biol Sci, 2014, 36(4): 377-381. doi: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v36i4.18373
[41]	周剑, 杜军, 刘光迅, 等. 4种常用药物对长薄鳅幼鱼的急性毒性试验研究[J]. 西南农业学报, 2012, 25(5): 1920-1924.
[42]	张俊杰, 鄢庆枇, 李胜忠, 等. 聚维酮碘和二氧化氯对泥鳅的急性毒性试验[J]. 水产科学, 2010, 29(12): 729-731.
[43]	WOO S J, CHUNG J K. Effects of trichlorfon on oxidative stress, neurotoxicity, and cortisol levels in common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., at different temperatures[J]. Comp Biochem Phys C, 2020, 229: 108698.