Morphological development of embryos and larvae of Mystus macropterus
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摘要: 大鳍鳠 (Mystus macropterus) 是一种亟待开发的优质养殖品种。探明养殖大鳍鳠早期发育阶段的特征和规律，可为其人工催产和苗种培育提供理论依据。采用显微镜观察法，对其胚胎及仔稚鱼发育各时期的形态特征和发育特点进行了研究，对其形态学指标进行测量，推算出仔稚鱼阶段生长特性的回归方程。结果表明：大鳍鳠受精卵呈椭圆形、黄褐色，卵径为 (3.46±0.3) mm ；平均水温26.2 ℃下，大鳍鳠胚胎发育历时79 h，积温为2065.26 h· ℃，根据发育时胚胎的典型外部形态特征，将其分为受精卵、胚盘期、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠期、神经胚期、器官分化期和出膜期8个阶段28个时期；初孵仔鱼全长 (7.31±0.52) mm，仔鱼期历时10 d，仔鱼前期卵黄囊大部分被吸收，全长特定生长率 (SGRL) 为9.79%，体质量特定生长率 (SGRm) 为12.31%，出膜后7~8 d仔鱼大部分开口，9 d卵黄囊消失，仔鱼后期SGRL为4.15%，SGRm为12.25%。稚鱼期历时11 d，各鳍基本长成，体型和体色接近成鱼，SGRL为4.30%，SGRm为13.17%，全长22~24 mm。统计模型显示，大鳍鳠仔稚鱼的生长属于异速生长类型。Abstract: Mystus macropterus is a high-quality aquaculture variety that urgently needs to be developed. Exploring the characteristics and patterns of early developmental stages of cultured Mystus macropterus can provide basic data for its seedling cultivation and large-scale efficient seed production. We studied the morphological characteristics and developmental features of its embryos and juveniles by microscopic observation, and measured the morphological indicators to derive regression equations for the growth characteristics of juveniles. The results show that the fertilized eggs of the fish were oval and yellowish brown, with a diameter of (3.46±0.3) mm. At the incubation temperature of 26.2 ℃, the embryos took 79 h to develop for eight stages with 28 periods, including fertilization, cleavage, blastocyst, gastrula, neuroembryo, organ differentiation and hatching, and the total accumulative temperature was 2065.26 h· ℃. The total length of the larvae was (7.31±0.52) mm, the larvae stage lasted for 10 d, and most of the yolk sac was absorbed at early stage of larvae. The full-length specific growth rate (SGRL) was 9.79%, and the weight-specific growth rate (SGRm) was 12.31%. Most of the larvae opened 7–8 d after membrane emergence, and the yolk sac disappeared on 9th day. The SGRL and SGRm were 4.15% and 12.25% at later stage of larvae, respectively. The juvenile stage lasted for 11 d. The fins were basically mature, and the body size and body color were close to that of adult fish. SGRL was 4.30%, SGRm was 13.17%, and the total length was 22–24 mm. The statistical model shows that the growth of the larvae and juveniles is of the allometric type.
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图 1 大鳍鳠胚胎发育各时期 (标尺=500 μm)
注：a. 受精卵；b. 胚盘期；c. 2细胞期；d. 4细胞期；e. 8细胞期；f. 16细胞期；g. 32细胞期；h. 多细胞期；i. 囊胚早期；j. 囊胚中期；k. 囊胚晚期；l. 原肠早期；m. 原肠中期；n. 原肠晚期；o. 神经胚期；p. 胚孔封闭期；q. 体节出现期；r. 原肾出现期；s. 耳囊形成期；t. 尾芽分离期；u. 肌肉效应期；v. 心脏跳动期；w. 眼囊形成期；x. 耳石出现期；y. 第二对须原基出现期；z. 胸鳍原基出现期；aa. 眼色素出现期；ab. 出膜仔鱼。
Figure 1. Embryonic development of M. macropterus (Bar=500 μm)
Note: a. Fertilized egg; b. Blastodisc stage; c. 2-cell stage; d. 4-cell stage; e. 8-cell stage; f. 16-cell stage; g. 32-cell stage; h. Multicellular stage; i. Early blastula stage; j. Middle blastula stage; k. Late blastula stage; l. Early gastrula stage; m. Middle gastrula stage; n. Late gastrula stage; o. Neurula stage; p. Blastopore closed stage; q Appearance of myomere; r. Proto-renal stage; s. Appearance of otic capsule; t. Tail bud separation period; u. Muscular effect stage; v. Heart pulsation; w. Optic capsule stage; x. Otolith formation stage; y. The second pair of whisker primordia; z.Thoracic fin primordium; aa. Occupation of ocular pigment; ab. Hatching stage.
图 2 大鳍鳠仔稚鱼发育 (标尺=1 mm)
注：a. 出膜1 d；b. 出膜2 d；c. 出膜3 d；d. 出膜4 d；e. 出膜5 d；f. 出膜6 d；g. 出膜7d；h. 出膜8 d；i. 出膜9 d；j. 出膜10 d；k. 出膜11 d；l. 出膜12 d；m. 出膜13 d；n. 出膜14 d；o. 出膜16 d；p. 出膜17 d；q. 出膜18 d；r.出膜19 d；s. 出膜20 d；t. 出膜21 d。
Figure 2. Development of M. macropterus larva and juvenile (Bar=1 mm)
Note: a. 1 d post hatching; b. 2 d post hatching; c. 3 d post hatching; d. 4 d post hatching; e. 5 d post hatching; f. 6 d post hatching; g. 7 d post hatching; h. 8 d post hatching; i. 9 d post hatching; j. 10 d post hatching; k. 11 d post hatching; l. 12 d post hatching; m. 13 d post hatching; n. 14 d post hatching; o. 16 d post hatching; P. 17 d post hatching; q. 18 d post hatching; r. 19 d post hatching; s. 20 d post hatching; t. 21 d post hatching.
表 1 大鳍鳠胚胎发育时序
Table 1. Process of embryonic development of M. macropterus
发育时期
Developmental stage受精后时间
Time after
fertilization/
h持续时间
Duration/
h平均卵径
Average egg
diameter/
mm平均水温
Average
temperature/
℃积温
Accumulative
temperature/
h·℃图1
Fig. 1受精卵
Fertilized egg受精卵
Fertilized egg0 2 3.46±0.30 26.1 52.20 a 胚盘期
Blastodisc stage胚盘期
Blastodisc stage2 1.35 3.44±0.16 26.2 35.37 b 卵裂期
Cleavage stage2细胞期
2-cell stage3.35 3.15 3.52±0.12 26.3 82.85 c 4细胞期
4-cell staged 8细胞期
8-cell stagee 16细胞期
16-cell stagef 32细胞期
32-cell stageg 多细胞期
Multicellular stageh 囊胚期
Blastula stage囊胚早期
Early blastula stage6.5 12.65 3.53±0.17 26.3 332.70 i 囊胚中期
Middle blastula stagej 囊胚晚期
Late blastula stagek 原肠期
Gastrula stage原肠早期
Early gastrula stage19.15 7.05 3.42±0.18 26.3 185.42 l 原肠中期
Middle gastrula stagem 原肠晚期
Late gastrula stagen 神经胚期
Neurula stage神经胚期
Neurula stage26.2 13.47 3.40±0.05 26 350.22 o 胚孔封闭期
Blastopore closed stagep 器官形成期
Organogenesis stage体节出现期
Appearance of myomere39.67 32.25 3.57±0.28 26.1 841.73 q 原肾出现期
Proto-renal stager 耳囊形成期
Appearance of otic capsules 尾芽分离期
Tail bud separation periodt 肌肉效应期
Muscular effect stageu 心脏跳动期
Heart pulsationv 眼囊形成期
Optic capsule stagew 耳石出现期
Otolith formation stagex 第二对须原基出现
The second pair of whisker primordiay 胸鳍原基出现期
Thoracic fin primordiumz 眼色素出现期
Occupation of ocular pigmentaa 出膜期
Hatching stage出膜仔鱼
Hatching stage71.9 7.08 26.1 184.79 ab 
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表 2 大鳍鳠不同日龄仔、稚鱼生长变化情况
Table 2. Growth variation of larval and juvenile M. macropterus at different time
出膜后时间
Day post
hatching/d全长
Total
length/mm体质量
Body
mass/g全长特定
增长率
SGRL/%体质量特定
增长率
SGRm/%1 7.31±0.52 0.011±0.005 9.79% 12.31% 2 10.01±0.96 0.013±0.001 3 10.19±0.42 0.016±0.001 4 10.85±1.76 0.018±0.003 5 11.58±0.22 0.018±0.003 6 11.93±1.19 0.020±0.001 7 12.96±1.80 0.021±0.001 4.15% 12.25% 8 13.74±3.45 0.021±0.002 9 13.92±0.45 0.024±0.003 10 14.68±1.08 0.030±0.001 11 15.81±2.16 0.033±0.002 4.30% 13.17% 12 17.00±3.87 0.034±0.013 13 18.26±2.95 0.037±0.011 14 18.38±3.72 0.055±0.003 15 19.19±2.60 0.056±0.013 16 21.65±2.25 0.061±0.001 17 22.65±3.79 0.062±0.007 18 23.06±2.93 0.089±0.004 19 23.11±4.08 0.100±0.011 20 24.11±0.21 0.115±0.032 21 24.32±0.05 0.122±0.019 22 25.00±0.23 0.125±0.001 2.28% 12.13% 23 25.32±1.23 0.127±0.007 24 26.02±0.78 0.130±0.004 25 27.28±2.55 0.140±0.011 26 27.98±0.56 0.163±0.032 27 28.36±1.78 0.189±0.019 28 29.50±2.21 0.227±0.005 29 29.72±0.66 0.227±0.019 30 30.02±1.68 0.230±0.035
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表 3 大鳍鳠与其他鲶形目胚胎发育比较
Table 3. Comparison of embryonic developmental characteristics between M. macropterus and other Siluriformes fish
种类
Specis卵径
Egg diameter/
mm吸水后卵径
Egg diameter
wate rafter
Absorption
/mm出膜方式
Hatching
pattern出膜长度
Hatching
length/mm胚胎发育水温
Temperature/
℃胚胎发育历时
Embryonic
development文献
Reference大鳍鳠
M. macropterus2.72±0.2 3.46±0.30 尾部破膜 7.31±0.52 26 79 h 本文 黄颡鱼
Pelteobagrus fulvidraco1.86~2.26 尾部破膜 4.8~5.5 24~27.5 62 h 50 min [18] 长吻鮠
Leiocassis longirostris2.18~2.35 2.51~2.58 尾部破膜 5.33~6.62 21~27 59 h 5 min [19] 瓦氏黄颡鱼
Pelteobagrus vachelli1.67 2.04 尾部破膜 4.2~4.35 20~24.5 49 h 15 min [20] 24~28 64 h 乌苏里鮠
Pseudobagrus ussuriensis2.0 2.5 尾部破膜 7 25.5~26 49 h 26 min [21] 斑鳠
Mystus guttatus3.1~3.8 4.0~4.2 尾部破膜 27.5±0.5 55 h [22] 兰州鲶
Silurus lanzhouensis2.07~2.4 3.44~3.46 尾部破膜 4.5 21.5~22.5 53 h 10 min [23] 24~25 39 h 37 min 27~28 30 h 20 min 南方大口鲶
Silurus soldatovi
meridionalis2.089 3.055 尾部破膜 5.0~7.05 16.5~18.5 53 h 25 min [24] 鲶
Silurus asotus1.4~1.7 4.05~5.7 尾部破膜 4.64~5.32 27.5~31 29.5 h [25] 胡子鲶
Claris fuscus1.7~1.9 1.9~2.1 腹部卵黄囊破膜 4.8~5.1 28.5~31 28 h 25 min [26] 革胡子鲶
Clarias gariepinus1.23~1.36 1.34~1.43 尾部破膜 3.12~3.62 26.4~29.2 23 h 45 min [27]
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