Study of suitable habitats for Sepiella maindroni in Zhoushan sea areas based on MaxEnt model
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摘要: 曼氏无针乌贼 (Sepiella maindroni) 具有较高的经济和营养价值，近年因过度捕捞、生境破坏等导致其资源衰退。为了定量评估多元生态因子对曼氏无针乌贼分布的影响，以曼氏无针乌贼的重要产卵地和栖息地—舟山海域为研究区域，基于2017—2021年浙江近海的底拖网调查数据、2021—2022年自主航次的调查数据和全球生物多样性信息机构 (Global Biodiversity Information Facility, GBIF) 数据，利用最大熵 (Maximum Entropy, MaxEnt) 模型分析曼氏无针乌贼的生境适宜性，探索其修复潜力和适生区的空间分布格局。结果表明，海表温度最大值、海表盐度最小值和pH是影响曼氏无针乌贼分布的主要生态因子。曼氏无针乌贼偏向于在海洋表面温度较高、盐度较大的海域活动，且能接受弱碱性环境。当舟山海域内海表温度最大值介于25.5~28.5 ℃、海表盐度最小值介于20‰~30‰、pH介于7.8~8.3时，曼氏无针乌贼存在的概率较大。曼氏无针乌贼在舟山海域的适生区面积分布较广 (30 213.40 km2)，占研究区域总面积的75.11%。其中高适生区总体分布在中街山列岛、嵊泗列岛和马鞍列岛，面积为4 600.78 km2。次高适生区、中适生区和低适生区的面积分别为8 205.52、9 723.31和7 683.78 km2。从修复潜力上看，曼氏无针乌贼在舟山海域有较大的恢复潜力。Abstract: Cuttlefish (Sepiella maindroni) has high economic and nutritional value, but its resources have declined in recent years due to overfishing and habitat destruction. To quantitatively assess the impact of multiple ecological factors on the distribution of S. maindroni, we selected the Zhoushan sea area which is an important spawning ground and habitat for S. maindroni as the research area, and used the MaxEnt (Maximum Entropy) model to analyze the habitat suitability of S. maindroni as well as to explore its restoration potential and spatial distribution of suitable habitats, based on the bottom trawl survey data from the Zhejiang coastal area from 2017−2021, the survey data from autonomous cruises in 2021−2022, and data from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). The research results show that the maximum sea surface temperature (SST), minimum sea surface salinity (SSS) and pH were the main ecological factors affecting the S. maindroni distribution. S. maindroni tended to be active in areas with higher sea surface temperatures and higher salinity, and could tolerate a weakly alkaline environment. In the Zhoushan sea area, S. maindroni was more likely to exist with maximum SST of 25.5−28.5 ℃, minimum SSS of 20‰−30‰, and pH value of 7.8−8.3. The suitable habitat area in the Zhoushan sea area was quite extensive, covering 30 213.40 km2, which accounted for 75.11% of the total area of the research area. Among these, the highly suitable habitats were mainly distributed in the sea areas of Zhongjieshan Islands, Shengsi Islands and Ma'an Islands, with an area of 4 600.78 km2. The areas of the sub-highly suitable, moderately suitable and lowly suitable habitats were 8 205.52, 9 723.31 and 7 683.78 km2, respectively. In terms of restoration potential, S. maindroni has significant recovery potential in the Zhoushan sea area.
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Key words:
- Sepiella maindroni /
- Habitat suitability /
- MaxEnt model /
- Zhoushan sea area
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图 3 刀切法检验生态因子对曼氏无针乌贼分布影响的重要程度
Figure 3. Importance of ecological factors on distribution of S. maindroni by Jackknife test
图 5 曼氏无针乌贼在舟山海域的适生区分布
Figure 5. Distribution of suitable habitat of S. maindroni in Zhoushan Islands
图 6 舟山海域内海洋特别保护区地理位置图
Figure 6. Geographical location map of marine special reserves in Zhoushan sea area
表 1 筛选出的关键生态因子
Table 1. Selected key ecological factors
生态因子
Ecological factor单位
Unit海流流速最大值 Maximum currents velocity m·s−1 海流流速最小值 Minimum currents velocity m·s−1 溶解氧质量浓度最小值 Minimum dissolved oxygen mg·L−1 底层光照强度最大值 Maximum light at bottom μmol·(m2·s)−1 硝酸盐质量浓度最大值 Maximum nitrate mg·L−1 磷酸盐质量浓度最大值 Maximum phytoplankton mg·L−1 初级生产力最小值 Minimum primary productivity g·(m3·day)−1 海表盐度最小值 Minimum sea surface salinity ‰ 海表温度最大值 Maximum sea surface temperature ℃ 海表温度最小值 Minimum sea surface temperature ℃ 酸碱度 pH 
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表 2 生态因子对模型的相对贡献率
Table 2. Percent contributions of ecological factors to MaxEnt model
生态因子
Ecological factor相对贡献率
Relative
contribution
rate/%海表温度最大值 Maximum sea surface temperature 27.8 海表盐度最小值 Minimum sea surface salinity 25.5 酸碱度 pH 20.3 初级生产力最小值 Minimum primary productivity 12.2 磷酸盐质量浓度最大值 Maximum phytoplankton 8.7 海表温度最小值 Minimum sea surface temperature 2.5 硝酸盐质量浓度最大值 Maximum nitrate 2.2 溶解氧质量浓度最小值 Minimum dissolved oxygen 0.4 底层光照强度最大值 Maximum light at bottom 0.2 海流流速最大值 Maximum currents velocity 0.2 海流流速最小值 Minimum currents velocity 0.1
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表 3 适生区面积及其占海域面积百分比
Table 3. Area of suitable habitat and its percentage of sea area
区域
Area概率
Probability面积
Square/km2占比
Percentage/%高适生区 High-adaptive area 0.8≤P<1 4 600.78 11.44 次高适生区 Sub-superior suitable area 0.6≤P<0.8 8 205.52 20.40 中适生区 Middle-adaptive area 0.4≤P<0.6 9 723.31 24.17 低适生区 Low-adaptive area 0.2≤P<0.4 7 683.78 19.10 非适生区 Non-adaptive area P<0.2 10 007.89 24.88 研究区域 Research area 40 221.29 100.00
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