Community structure of phytoplankton and their indicative effect on water quality of Pearl River
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摘要: 浮游植物为河流生态系统的初级生产者,其动态变化关系到渔业资源和水生态系统的稳定。分别于2021年枯水期 (3月)、丰水期 (7月) 和平水期 (11月) 对珠江3个典型河段开展浮游植物群落结构调查,利用生物多样性等指标评价水质现状,为珠江水污染防治和水生态恢复提供技术支撑。结果显示,浮游植物种类、密度、生物量和优势种呈现显著的时空变化 (P<0.05)。全年共鉴定出浮游植物187种,3、7和11月分别鉴定出117、98和77种,平均密度分别为8.6×105、7.2×106和4.0×105 个·L−1,生物量分别为1.235 4、4.674 5和0.569 8 mg·L−1,其中丰水期北江流溪河石角段蓝藻密度高达1.18×107 个·L−1 (达到轻微蓝藻水华水平)。上游北江流溪河河段浮游植物群落结构由枯水期的绿藻型演变为丰水期的绿藻-蓝藻型,全年以四尾栅藻 (Scenedesmus quadricauda)、细小平裂藻 (Merismopedia tenuissima) 和被甲栅藻博格变种双尾变型 (S. armatus var. boglariensis f. bicaudatus) 为优势种,下游珠江河口莲花山到大虎岛段呈硅藻型到硅藻-蓝藻型的演变,以颗粒直链藻 (Melosira granulata) 和细小平裂藻为优势种。Shannon多样性指数 (H')、Pielou 均匀度指数 (J') 和Margalef 丰富度指数 (D) 分别介于1.58~3.05、0.51~0.84和1.60~3.42。基于生物多样性指数综合评价显示,被调查的珠江3个典型河段水质介于轻度污染到α-中污染之间,水质仍需治理改善。Abstract: As the primary producer of river ecosystem, the dynamic changes of phytoplankton are related to the stability of fishery resources and water ecosystem. We investigated the community structure of phytoplankton in three typical sections of the Pearl River in dry season (March), wet season (July) and level season (November) in 2021, and evaluated the current situation of water quality by biodiversity and other indicators, so as to provide technical support for the Pearl River water pollution control and water ecological restoration. Results indicate that the species composition, abundance and dominant species of phytoplankton showed significant spatiotemporal changes (P<0.05). A total of 187 species were identified throughout the year (117 in March, 98 in July and 77 in November). The average cell abundance of phytoplankton was 8.6×105, 72.1×105 and 4.0×105 cells·L−1 , and the biomass was 1.235 4, 4.674 5 and 0.569 8 mg·L−1 in March, July and November, respectively. The abundance of Cyanophyta reached 1.18×107 cells·L−1 (Slight cyanobacteria bloom level) in Shijiao section of the Pearl River in wet season. The phytoplankton community structure in the upper reaches of the Pearl River changed from chlorophyta type in dry season to chlorophyta-cyanobacteria type in wet season, and Scenedesmus quadricauda, Merismopedia tenuissima and S. armatus var. boglariensis f. bicaudatus were the dominant species throughout the year. In the lower reaches, the phytoplankton community structure changed from diatomic type to diatom-cyanobacteria type, with Melosira granulata and M. tenuissima as the dominant species. Shannon-Wiener index (H'), Pielou index (J') and Margalef index (D) were 1.58–3.05, 0.51–0.84 and 1.60–3.42, respectively. According to the comprehensive evaluation based on the biodiversity indexes, the water quality in the three typical reaches of the Pearl River was between mild pollution and α-medium pollution, and the water quality still needs to be improved.
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Key words:
- Phytoplankton /
- Community structure /
- Biodiversity index /
- Water quality assessment /
- Pearl River
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表 1 基于浮游植物多样性指数的评价标准
Table 1. Evaluation criteria based on indexes of phytoplankton diversity
Shannon-Wiener
多样性指数
H'Pielou 均匀度
指数
J'Margalef 丰富度
指数
D评价等级
Evaluation
level>4 >0.8 >5 清洁 3~4 0.5~0.8 4~5 轻度污染 2~3 0.3~0.5 3~4 β-中污染 1~2 0.1~0.3 1~3 α-中污染 <1 <0.1 <1 重污染 表 2 珠江浮游植物优势种组成 (优势度Y>0.02) 及分布
Table 2. Composition and distribution of dominant species (Dominance Y>0.02) of phytoplankton in Pearl River
站位
Station3 月
March7月
July11月
November北江流溪河街口段 (S1) 四尾栅藻 (Scenedesmus quadricauda) (0.24);细小平裂藻 (Merismopedia tenuissima) (0.13) ;被甲栅藻博格变种双尾变型 (S. armatus var. boglariensis f. bicaudatus) (0.07) 细小平裂藻 (0.13) ;点形平裂藻 (M. punctata) (0.13);被甲栅藻博格变种双尾变型 (0.05) 被甲栅藻博格变种双尾变型 (0.19);四尾栅藻 (0.10);二形栅藻 (0.05) 北江流溪河石角段 (S2) 被甲栅藻博格变种双尾变型 (0.09);颗粒直链藻极狭变种 (Melosira granulata var. angustissima) (0.07);四尾栅藻 (0.06) 螺旋鱼腥藻 (Anabaena spiroides) (0.06);惠氏微囊藻 (Microcystis wesenbergii) (0.05) 四尾栅藻 (0.17);简单颤藻 (Oscillatoria simplicissima) (0.13);被甲栅藻博格变种双尾变型 (0.08) 东江北干流段 (S3) 颗粒直链藻 (0.18);啮蚀隐藻 (C. erosa) (0.12);颗粒直链藻极狭变种 (0.08) 鱼腥藻属 (0.16);颗粒直链藻 (0.06);钝顶节旋藻 (Arthrospira platensis) (0.03) 鱼腥藻属 (0.05);颗粒直链藻极狭变种 (0.05);被甲栅藻博格变种双尾变型 (0.04) 珠江河口莲花山段
(S4)颗粒直链藻极狭变种 (0.10);颗粒直链藻 (0.30);二角盘星藻纤细变种 (0.04) 颗粒直链藻 (0.28);小环藻属 (0.23);伪鱼腥藻属 (0.06) 顶锥十字藻 (0.09);模糊直链藻 (M. ambigua) (0.09);伪鱼腥藻属 (0.08) 珠江河口大虎岛段
(S5)颗粒直链藻 (0.05);布氏双尾藻 (Ditylum brightwellii) (0.04);中华盒形藻 (Biddulphia sinensis) (0.03) 颗粒直链藻 (0.25);细小平裂藻 (0.22);湖生伪鱼腥藻 (P. limnetica) (0.16) 颗粒直链藻 (0.53);颤藻属 (0.04);细小隐球藻 (Aphanocapsa elachista) (0.03) 表 3 基于浮游植物的珠江水质评价
Table 3. Water quality assessment based on phytoplankton in Pearl River
站点
StationShannon-Wiener指数
H'藻类密度
Algae densityShannon-Wiener
指数 H'Pielou 指数
J'Margalef 指数
DS1 丰富水平 贫-中营养 β-中污染 轻度污染 α-中污染 S2 丰富水平 贫-中营养 β-中污染 轻度污染 α-中污染 S3 较好水平 贫营养 β-中污染 轻度污染 α-中污染 S4 较好水平 贫营养 β-中污染 轻度污染 α-中污染 S5 较好水平 贫-中营养 β-中污染 轻度污染 α-中污染 表 4 基于浮游植物群落结构的河流水质评价
Table 4. Water quality assessment of rivers based on phytoplankton community structure
序号
No.河段
Stream segment研究年份
Survey year种 (属) 数
Number of species (Genera)密度 Density
/(104 个·L−1)生物评价等级
Evaluation level文献
Reference1 黄河干流 2019 350 种 7.90~1 037.28 轻度污染-中度污染 [47] 2 黑河张掖段 2017 316 种 0.92~116.67 轻度-中轻度污染 [48] 3 渭河陕西段 2017—2018 69 种 84.9~3 868.3 轻度污染-中度污染 [49] 4 汉江下游 2019 110 种 平均 936 中度污染 [10] 5 东江干流 2010 83 种 0.51~366.04 轻度污染-中度污染 [28] 6 汾河中下游 2012 298 种 29 900~39 300 中污染至重污染 [50] 7 淮河干流及主要支流 2015 153 种 0.19~1 318.00 中等污染, 部分点位重污染 [11] 8 太湖主要河口 2018—2019 119 种 1 200~8 550 健康状况较差 [51] 9 白洋淀流域府河 2020 111 种 780~2 814 轻度-中度污染 [20] 10 赣江中下游 2019 53 种 (属) 11.0~468.7 中度至重度污染 [52] 11 沱江 2013 56 种 100~2 300 中-富营养状态 [53] 12 珠江水域广州段 2021 187 种 12.0~183.3 轻度至 α-中污染 本文 -
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