Comparative study on breeding density of Lutraria sieboldii in nursery culture and adult culture in Beibu Gulf beaches of Guangxi Province, China
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摘要: 为探索施氏獭蛤 (Lutraria sieboldii) 高效的中间培育模式及合理养殖密度，于2021年2月—2022年4月在广西北部湾海域——北海、钦州和防城港海区滩涂，以相同密度梯度采用箱式和筐式两种养殖模式进行中间培育，中培结束后以筐式养殖进行养成实验，对比各阶段施氏獭蛤的生长性能和成活率。结果表明：中培期北海和防城港海区箱式养殖模式比筐式养殖模式表现更佳，而钦州海区筐式养殖模式表现更佳；北海海区适宜养殖密度为1 500 粒·箱−1，防城港海区为1 000 粒·箱−1，钦州海区为500 粒·筐−1。养成期北海适宜养殖密度为40 粒·筐−1，钦州和防城港海区结束养成时成活率为0。3个养殖海区的环境因子调查结果表明：北海海区的水温、滩温、盐度、pH、溶解氧 (DO) 变化最小，水质环境最稳定，钦州、防城港海区的水质环境变化较大且较不稳定；北海滩涂的底质粒径以粗砂和中砂为主，防城港滩涂以中砂和细砂为主，钦州滩涂以细砂为主。浮游植物调查结果显示，藻属种类和数量由大到小均为北海>防城港>钦州。研究表明，施氏獭蛤海区中培适宜以箱式养殖模式在北海和防城港海区进行，适宜在北海进行海区养成。Abstract: In order to investigate the efficient nursery culture mode and reasonable breeding density of Lutraria sieboldii, we had carried out an experiment at three different beaches in Beibu Gulf, Guangxi Province (Beihai, Qinzhou and Fangchenggang) using the same density gradient from February 2021 to April 2022. Two nursery culture modes, box and basket, were employed, followed by adult culture in baskets to compare the growth performance and survival rate of L. sieboldii at each stage. The results indicate that the box culture mode was more effective than the basket culture mode in Beihai and Fangchenggang, while the basket culture mode was more suitable for Qinzhou. The appropriate densities in Beihai, Fangchenggang and Qinzhou were 1 500, 1 000 grains·box−1 and 500 grains·basket−1, respectively. At the adult culture stage, the appropriate density in Beihai was 40 grains·basket−1, and the survival rates at the end of the culture period in Qinzhou and Fangchenggang were 0. The results show that the changes of water temperature, beach temperature, salinity, pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) in Beihai are the smallest and the water quality environment is the most stable. Besides, the water quality environment in Qinzhou and Fangchenggang changes greatly and is unstable. The sediment particle size of Beihai beach is dominated by coarse sand and medium sand, whereas Fangchenggang and Qinzhou beaches is dominated by medium sand and fine sand, and Qinzhou beach is dominated by fine sand. The results of phytoplankton survey indicate that Beihai has the highest quantity and diversity of algae, followed by Fangchenggang and Qinzhou. Thus, it is showed that L. sieboldii is suitable for nursery culture in both Beihai and Fangchenggang sea areas, and for adult culture in Beihai sea area.
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Key words:
- Lutraria sieboldi /
- Culture density /
- Basket culture /
- Box culture /
- Growth /
- Survival rate /
- Beibu Gulf
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图 2 施氏獭蛤在3个海区养成期各实验组体质量生长曲线
Figure 2. Body mass growth curves of each experimental group in adult culture of three sea areas of L. sieboldii
图 3 3个不同养殖海区水温、滩温、盐度的周年变化情况
Figure 3. Annual changes of water temperature, beach temperature and salinity in three mariculture sea areas
图 4 3个不同养殖海区透明度、pH周年变化情况
Figure 4. Annual changes of transparency and pH in three different mariculture sea areas
图 5 3个不同养殖海区浮游植物藻属的种类和数量分布
Figure 5. Species of algal genus and quantity distribution of phytoplankton in three different mariculture sea areas
表 1 海区中培不同地点、模式、密度的方差分析结果 (F值)
Table 1. Variance analysis results of different locations, patterns and densities in nursery culture (F value)
指标
Index自由度
df壳长
SL壳宽
SW壳高
SH体质量
BM壳长日增长
DLG日增质量
DMG壳长增长率
GSL地点 Site 2 638.37** 258.12** 436.64** 463.72** 638.37** 463.72** 638.37** 模式 Mode 1 223.54** 134.77** 123.32** 194.71** 223.54** 194.71** 223.54** 密度 Density 4 84.66** 36.50** 57.32** 69.72** 84.66** 69.72** 84.66** 地点×模式 Site×Mode 2 145.88** 91.16** 108.09** 141.40** 145.88** 141.40** 145.88** 地点×密度 Site×Density 8 31.14** 19.09** 21.12** 29.47** 31.14** 29.47** 31.14** 模式×密度 Mode×Density 4 7.61** 6.77** 7.44** 9.53** 7.61** 9.53** 7.61** 地点×模式×密度 Site×Mode×Density 8 5.30** 4.78** 3.15** 5.72** 5.30** 5.72** 5.30** 注：**. 极显著水平 (P<0.01)。 Note: **. Extremely significant level (P<0.01). SL. Shell length; SW. Shell width; SH. Shell height; BM. Body mass; DLG. Daily shell length gain; DMG. Daily body mass gain; GSL. Growth rate of shell length. The same case in the following tables. 
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表 2 北海海区施氏獭蛤中培期不同密度组生长和存活
Table 2. Growth and survival of different cultured densities at nursery culture stage of L. sieboldii in Beihai sea area
模式
Mode指标
Index密度/[粒·筐 (箱) −1] Density/[grains·basket (box)−1] d1 (500) d2 (1 000) d3 (1 500) d4 (2 000) d5 (2 500) 箱式 Box 终末壳长 Final SL/mm 22.90 ± 1.72aa 21.19 ± 1.91aa 20.29 ± 2.04aa 18.79 ± 2.36ba 17.65 ± 1.91ca 终末壳宽 Final SW/mm 7.68±0.92aa 7.17±0.78aa 7.10±0.90aa 6.49±1.05ba 6.31±0.78ba 终末壳高 Final SH/mm 12.25±1.08aa 11.10±1.18aa 11.03±1.63aa 10.02±1.44ba 9.49±0.92ba 终末体质量 Final BM/g 1.73±0.18aa 1.22±0.09aa 1.15±0.08aa 0.87±0.11ba 0.77±0.07ba 日增体质量 DMG/(mg·d−1) 43.98±5.32aa 30.39±3.18aa 28.63±3.26aa 21.34±2.39ba 18.80±2.19ba 壳长日增长 DLG/(μm·d−1) 419.11±41.95aa 374.29±50.84aa 350.52±44.59aa 310.99±38.15ba 281.14±29.73ca 壳长增长率 GSL/% 228.49±16.89aa 204.06±15.48aa 191.10±14.79aa 169.55±16.54ba 153.27±13.46ca 成活率 Survival/% 52.13±6.54aa 47.44±5.14aa 45.68±4.84ba 30.47±3.15ca 21.43±3.25ca 筐式 Basket 终末壳长 Final SL/mm 18.80±2.15ab 17.60±1.29ab 17.22±1.90ab 16.70±2.10bb 12.51±2.15cb 终末壳宽 Final SW/mm 6.34±1.08ab 6.10±0.76ab 6.03±1.06ab 5.61±0.71bb 4.29±0.94cb 终末壳高 Final SH/mm 10.15±1.21ab 9.38±0.77ab 9.25±1.08ab 9.20±1.17ab 7.22±1.30bb 终末体质量 Final BM/g 0.91±0.08ab 0.71±0.07bb 0.65±0.06bb 0.64±0.07bb 0.29±0.05cb 日增体质量 DMG/(mg·d−1) 22.26±2.17ab 18.68±1.59bb 15.64±2.17bb 15.18±1.91bb 5.95±0.05cb 壳长日增长 DLG/(μm·d−1) 311.37±39.25ab 279.82±35.11ab 269.72±21.16ab 256.14±26.32bb 145.89±21.63cb 壳长增长率 GSL/% 169.76±14.79ab 152.56±14.56ab 147.04±16.79ab 139.64±15.49bb 79.54±8.97cb 成活率 Survival/% 41.36±5.45ab 38.62±5.14ab 22.44±3.25bb 18.13±2.13cb 17.73±2.12cb 注：同行数据中，第一个字母相同表示在同一地点、同一种养殖模式下，密度组间的差异不显著(P>0.05)，第一个字母不同表示差异显著(P<0.05)；第二个字母相同表示在同一地点、相同密度梯度下，养殖模式间的差异不显著 (P>0.05)，第二个字母不同表示差异显著 (P<0.05)。后表同此。 Note: Within the same line, the same first letter indiacte that the difference among different density groups is not significant in the same place and under the same breeding mode (P>0.05), while different first letter indicates a significant difference (P<0.05). The same second letter indicates that the difference among different culture modes is not significant in the same place, and for the same density (P>0.05), while the second different letter indicates a significant difference (P<0.05). The same case in the following tables.
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表 3 钦州海区施氏獭蛤中培期不同密度组生长和存活
Table 3. Growth and survival of different cultured density at nursery culture stage of L. sieboldii in Qinzhou sea area
模式
Mode指标
Index密度/[粒·筐(箱)−1] Density/[grains·basket(box)−1] d1 (500) d2 (1 000) d3 (1 500) d4 (2 000) d5 (2 500) 箱式 Box 终末壳长 Final SL/mm 13.87±1.39 14.10±2.12 14.09±1.04 13.58±1.20 14.21±1.32 终末壳宽 Final SW/mm 5.01±0.55 4.99±0.81 5.13±0.53 4.93±0.56 5.09±0.53 终末壳高 Final SH/mm 7.79±0.77 7.97±1.13 7.84±0.63 7.53±0.69 7.85±0.62 终末体质量 Final BM/g 0.35±0.03 0.36±0.05 0.37±0.03 0.34±0.04 0.34±0.03 日增体质量 DMG/(mg·d−1) 7.56±0.08 7.84±0.03 8.14±0.08 7.24±0.06 7.40±0.05 壳长日增长 DLG/(μm·d−1) 181.70±20.11 196.65±18.43 187.49±20.95 173.82±16.71 190.56±23.35 壳长增长率 GSL/% 99.06±10.14 102.31±9.87 89.24±9.16 89.24±8.29 99.23±12.54 成活率 Survival/% 8.13±2.02bb 14.67±3.34ab 8.60±2.41bb 7.80±2.45bb 7.63±2.14bb 筐式 Basket 终末壳长 Final SL/mm 14.91±1.00 14.41±1.42 14.58±1.06 14.84±1.57 14.32±0.89 终末壳宽 Final SW/mm 5.12±0.41 5.15±0.59 5.15±0.45 5.54±1.03 5.09±0.50 终末壳高 Final SH/mm 8.30±0.48 8.03±0.72 8.16±0.61 8.22±1.05 8.07±0.55 终末体质量 Final BM/g 0.41±0.04 0.40±0.05 0.41±0.05 0.43±0.04 0.38±0.03 日增体质量 DMG/(mg·d−1) 9.23±0.09 8.91±0.07 9.25±1.08 9.64±0.09 8.30±0.08 壳长日增长 DLG/(μm·d−1) 208.92±24.65 195.68±20.41 200.24±26.12 207.23±34.21 193.40±18.47 壳长增长率 GSL/% 113.90±12.54 106.68±13.14 109.17±15.64 112.98±13.91 105.44±9.72 成活率 Survival/% 26.13±2.31aa 17.27±2.18ba 11.40±1.48ca 11.88±1.58ca 15.04±2.12ba
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表 4 防城港海区施氏獭蛤中培期不同密度组的生长与存活
Table 4. Growth and survival of different cultured density at nursery culture stage in Fangchenggang sea area
模式
Mode指标
Index密度/[粒·筐(箱)−1] Density/[grains·basket(box)−1] d1 (500) d2 (1 000) d3 (1 500) d4 (2 000) d5 (2 500) 箱式 Box 终末壳长 Final SL/mm 20.35±1.49aa 19.28±1.15aa 19.17±1.71aa 17.26±1.19ba 17.11±0.79ba 终末壳宽 Final SW/mm 6.74±0.85aa 6.05±0.63aa 6.59±0.77aa 5.83±0.76ba 5.82±0.48ba 终末壳高 Final SH/mm 10.80±0.83aa 10.33±0.62aa 10.05±0.86aa 9.36±0.86ba 9.23±0.57ba 终末体质量 Final BM/g 0.94±0.09aa 0.78±0.10aa 0.86±0.11aa 0.63±0.08ba 0.63±0.06ba 日增体质量 DMG/(mg·d−1) 21.11±1.85aa 19.04±2.01aa 20.96±1.94aa 15.05±2.64ba 15.04±2.16ba 壳长日增长 DLG/(μm·d−1) 352.19±46.04aa 324.07±42.39aa 320.94±26.95aa 270.74±32.12ba 266.74±21.55ba 壳长增长率 GBL/% 192.01±14.45aa 176.68±13.71aa 174.98±16.86aa 147.61±16.45ba 145.43±13.46ba 成活率 Survival/% 41.53±5.21aa 40.23±4.89aa 31.47±4.56ba 23.57±3.79ca 16.72±3.12da 筐式 Basket 终末壳长 Final SL/mm 18.51±1.71ab 16.67±1.61bb 16.50±2.10bb 16.82±1.17ba 16.72±1.47ba 终末壳宽 Final SW/mm 6.35±0.84aa 5.60±0.59bb 5.38±0.61bb 5.77±0.59ba 5.74±0.65ba 终末壳高 Final SH/mm 9.86±1.06aa 9.27±0.77bb 9.12±1.00bb 9.39±0.73ba 9.31±0.82ba 终末体质量 Final BM/g 0.80±0.08aa 0.62±0.06bb 0.53±0.07ba 0.62±0.06ba 0.62±0.06ba 日增体质量 DMG/(mg·d−1) 19.52±2.14aa 14.81±1.15bb 12.43±1.09ba 14.67±2.10ba 14.86±1.34ba 壳长日增长 DLG/(μm·d−1) 303.69±26.56ab 255.37±37.90bb 250.85±28.40bb 259.22±31.56ba 256.70±24.48ba 壳长增长率 GBL/% 165.57±14.25ab 139.23±15.21bb 136.76±14.21bb 141.33±13.45ba 139.95±16.18ba 成活率 Survival/% 35.23±3.45ab 16.27±2.48bb 15.58±2.12bb 10.82±3.42cb 7.21±2.18cb
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表 5 北海、钦州、防城港海区养成期施氏獭蛤的终末生长情况
Table 5. Final growth situation in adult culture of L. sieboldii in Beihai, Qinzhou and Fangchenggang sea areas
地点
Site指标
Index密度/(粒·筐−1) Density/(grains·basket−1) D1 (20) D2 (40) D3 (60) D4 (80) 北海 Beihai 终末壳长 Final SL/mm 67.69±7.21a 66.43±8.13a 62.62±6.54b 60.97±5.78b 终末壳宽 Final SW/mm 25.86±3.15a 25.27±3.84a 24.67±2.35a 23.01±3.05b 终末壳高 Final SH/mm 36.02±4.12a 35.85±5.28a 33.56±3.64b 33.39±.3.69b 终末体质量 Final BM/g 42.66±6.98a 40.47±7.15a 34.12±4.65b 31.67±3.87b 日增体质量 DMG/(mg·d−1) 115.69±10.83a 109.61±13.61a 92.18±8.19b 85.17±7.33b 壳长日增长 DLG/(μm·d−1) 128.44±4.63a 121.72±10.86a 114.37±5.30b 109.80±4.72b 壳长增长率 GBL/% 215.57±7.77a 204.34±18.23a 191.94±8.90b 184.27±7.92b 成活率 Survival/% 35.13±2.59a 32.25±3.71a 19.12±2.16b 10.11±2.01c 钦州 Qinzhou 成活率 Survival/% — — — — 防城港 Fangchenggang 成活率 Survival/% — — — — 注：—. 表示结束养成期时，钦州和防城港海区施氏獭蛤无存活个体。 Note: —. No surviving individuals in Qinzhou and Fangchenggang sea areas at the end of the adult culture stage.
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