Development trend of trawl fishery and its impact on fishery resources in South China Sea
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摘要: 拖网是南海区海洋渔业生产最重要的渔具，拖网渔业在南海区海洋渔业生产中占主导地位。南海区拖网渔船数量从1986年的6 730艘增长至2003年的14 599艘，随后减少，2010年后基本维持在9 000艘左右；其总吨位在212 864~876 045 t波动，呈显著上升趋势；而总功率从1986年的440 438 kW上升至2005年的1 735 173 kW，之后呈下降趋势。1986—2020年单船平均吨位和功率均呈显著上升趋势。拖网渔船产量在59.24×104~181.66×104 t之间波动，占南海区总捕捞产量的38.35%~62.96%，呈逐年下降趋势；单位功率和单位吨位的产量分别在0.72~1.40 t和1.18~3.90 t之间波动，1999年最高，之后呈下降趋势。根据8种重要经济鱼类幼鱼占比统计结果，1992—2020年底拖网渔获物中幼鱼生物量占比均值为24.35%~84.28%，数量占比均值为40.09%~89.84%，其中白姑鱼 (Pennahia argentata)、带鱼 (Trichiurus japonicus) 和竹荚鱼 (Trachurus japonicus) 幼鱼比例最高。鉴于拖网渔业选择性不强，对幼鱼资源及海洋环境影响较大，建议逐步压减拖网渔船规模，严格执行网目尺寸和可捕规格制度，引导渔民使用资源节约型、环境友好型的作业方式，以利于近海渔业资源养护和可持续利用。Abstract: Trawl is the most important fishing gear in the marine fishery production of the South China Sea, in which trawl fishery occupies a dominant position. The number of trawlers increased from 6 730 in 1986 to 14 599 in 2003, then dropped and had remained at about 9 000 since 2010, with the gross tonnage of trawlers ranging from 212 864 t to 876 045 t, showing a steady increasing trend. However, the total power of trawlers increased from 440 438 kW in 1986 to 1 735 173 kW in 2005, and then showed a decreasing trend. The average tonnage and power of single vessels showed a significant increasing trend from 1986 to 2020, and the yield of trawl fishery ranged from 59.24×104 t to 181.66×104 t, accounting for 38.35%–62.96% of the total fishing production in the South China Sea with a decreasing trend. The yield per kilowatt ship and per ton ship ranged from 0.72 to 1.40 t and from 1.18 to 3.90 t, respectively, both were highest in 1999 and then showed a decreasing trend. According to the statistical results of the proportion of juveniles of eight important economic fish species, the proportion of juvenile biomass and average proportion of quantity in the trawl catches from 1992 to 2020 was 24.35%–84.28% and 40.09%–89.84%, respectively. Pennahia argentata, Trichiurus japonicus and Trachurus japonicus had the highest proportions of the juveniles. In view of the low selectivity of trawl fishery, it has a great impact on juvenile fish resources and marine environment. We propose to gradually reduce the size of trawlers, strictly implement the system of mesh size and catching specification, and guide fishermen to use resource-saving and environmentally friendly methods of operation, so as to promote the conservation and sustainable use of offshore fishery resources.
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Key words:
- Trawl fishery /
- South China Sea /
- Fishing /
- Juvenile /
- Development proposal
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图 1 1986—2020年南海区拖网渔船数量、吨位及功率变化趋势
Figure 1. Variation trends in number, tonnage and power of trawlers in South China Sea from 1986 to 2020
图 2 1986—2020年南海区拖网渔业产量变化趋势
Figure 2. Variation trend of trawl fishery yield in South China Sea from 1986 to 2020
图 3 1992—2020年拖网调查渔获物中8种重要经济鱼类幼鱼数量占比
Figure 3. Proportions of juveniles of eight important economic fish species in bottom trawl survey catches from 1992 to 2020
图 4 1992—2020年底拖网调查渔获物中8种重要经济鱼类幼鱼生物量占比
Figure 4. Biomass proportion of juveniles of eight important economic fish species in bottom trawl survey catches from 1992 to 2020
表 1 8种重要经济鱼类种名及其最小可捕规格
Table 1. Eight important economic fish species and their minimum catchable sizes mm
种名
Species可捕规格 Catchable size 肛长
Anus
length叉长
Fork
length体长
Body
length带鱼 Trichiurus japonicus ≥230 竹荚鱼 Trachurus japonicus ≥150 刺鲳 Psenopsis anomala ≥130 蓝圆鲹 Decapterus maruadsi ≥150 短尾大眼鲷 Priacanthus macracanthus ≥160 白姑鱼 Argyrosomus argentatus ≥150 二长棘犁齿鲷 Evynnis cardinalis ≥100 黄鳍马面鲀 Thamnaconus hypargyreus ≥100 
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表 2 8 种重要经济鱼类幼鱼占比
Table 2. Proportion of juveniles of eight important economic fish species
种名
Species数量占比 Quantity proportion/% 生物量占比 Biomass proportion/% 范围 Range 均值 Mean 范围 Range 均值 Mean 带鱼 Trichiurus japonicas 20.63~99.58 79.30±18.42 8.59~97.88 56.57±24.46 短尾大眼鲷 Priacanthus macracanthus 32.50~98.00 70.37±19.57 22.80~90.13 49.19±20.21 竹荚鱼 Trachurus japonicas 3.36~100 76.27±26.62 1.02~100 62.40±28.39 刺鲳 Psenopsis anomala 0.81~96.00 40.83±30.12 0.42~92.14 28.82±26.50 蓝圆鲹 Decapterus maruadsi 0~92.77 46.14±32.26 0~86.48 31.71±27.41 白姑鱼 Argyrosomus argentatus 43.28~100 89.84±17.08 17.12~100 84.28±26.20 二长棘犁齿鲷 Evynnis cardinalis 0~94.71 40.09±27.84 0~85.75 24.35±23.33 黄鳍马面鲀 Thamnaconus hypargyreus 22.00~100 63.55±30.08 16.80~100 52.62±32.26
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