冷胁迫诱导休眠方式对虾夷扇贝无水保活期生命特征及营养品质指标的影响

常向阳; 姜沛宏; 邓杰; 范秀萍; 秦小明

doi:10.12131/20220304

冷胁迫诱导休眠方式对虾夷扇贝无水保活期生命特征及营养品质指标的影响

doi: 10.12131/20220304

常向阳^{1, 2,},
姜沛宏^{1, 2},
邓杰^{1, 2},
范秀萍^{1, 2},
秦小明^{1, 2, ,}

1.
广东海洋大学食品科技学院，广东湛江 524088
2.
国家贝类加工技术研发分中心 (湛江)/广东省水产品加工与安全重点实验室/水产品深加工广东普通高校重点实验室，广东湛江 524088

基金项目: 国家重点研发计划“蓝色粮仓科技创新”重点专项 (2019YFD0901601)；国家贝类产业技术体系 (CARS-49)

详细信息

作者简介:
常向阳 (1997—)，女，硕士研究生，研究方向为贝类保活运输技术。E-mail: 2507293438@qq.com

通讯作者:
秦小明 (1964—)，男，教授，博士，研究方向为贝类加工与流通技术。E-mail: xiaoming0502@21cn.scom

中图分类号: S 983
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- 文章访问数: 45
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-11-28
- 修回日期: 2023-01-23
- 录用日期: 2023-02-02
- 网络出版日期: 2023-02-16

Effects of cold stress-induced dormancy methods on life characteristics and nutritional quality indexes of Patinopecten yessoensis during anhydrous living-preservation

CHANG Xiangyang^{1, 2
,},
JIANG Peihong^{1, 2},
DENG Jie^{1, 2},
FAN Xiuping^{1, 2},
QIN Xiaoming^{1, 2
, ,}

1.
College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524025, China
2.
National Research and Development Branch Center for Shellfish Processing (Zhanjiang)/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Products Processing and Safety/Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang 524088, China

摘要

摘要: 探究虾夷扇贝 (Patinopecten yessoensis) 保活运输前的最佳诱导休眠方式，可为其保活流通提供理论依据。参考产业实际流通，采用散冰降温和急性降温和梯度降温3种低温诱导休眠方式处理虾夷扇贝，探讨了不同降温休眠方式对虾夷扇贝无水保活期的成活率、生命特征及营养品质的影响。结果表明：梯度降温组在4 ℃条件下保活3 d后的成活率为93.33%，明显高于急性降温和散冰降温组；在降温休眠过程中，散冰降温和急性降温组由于温度骤变，无法检测到规律的心电图，梯度降温组的心率呈规律性缓慢下降趋势；保活期间，各组扇贝的心率均呈下降趋势，保活3 d后，散冰降温组已无规律心率，梯度降温和急性降温组仍有规律心率；3组降温方式的缩边率和外套膜响应时间均呈逐渐上升的趋势，其中散冰降温和急性降温组的缩边率和外套膜响应时间显著高于梯度降温组，且心率与外套膜响应时间呈负相关关系；水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、肌糖原含量均呈下降趋势，其中对肌糖原的消耗最大，梯度降温组相较于其他组在保活期营养成分损失较少，且梯度降温组的闭壳肌在微观组织结构上排列紧密整齐，无明显断裂。研究表明，采用梯度降温诱导扇贝进入休眠或半休眠状态后开始无水保活，有利于提高活体扇贝的成活率，减少其在流通过程中营养成分的损失，进而保持活体扇贝活力，更有利于其无水保活。
- 虾夷扇贝 /
- 冷胁迫 /
- 保活流通 /
- 生命特征 /
- 营养品质
Abstract: Exploring the best method to induce the dormancy of scallops (Patinopecten yessoensis) before live transport can provide a theoretical basis for their survival and circulation. Referring to the actual industrial circulation, we treated the samples by three methods of natural cooling of crush ice, acute continuous cooling and gradient cooling, so as to explore the effects of different cooling and dormancy methods on the survival rate, life characteristics and nutritional quality of scallops during anhydrous living-preservation. The results show that the survival rate of the gradient cooling group was 93.33% after 3 d of keeping alive at 4 ℃, significantly higher than that of the acute and natural cooling groups. In the process of cooling dormancy, regular electrocardiogram could not be detected in the natural and acute cooling groups due to the sudden temperature change, and the heart rate in the gradient cooling group showed a regular slow decline. During the live transport, the heart rate in each group showed a decreasing trend. After 3 d of keeping alive, the irregular heart rate in the natural ice cooling group was no longer observed, while the irregular heart rate in the gradient and acute cooling groups was still observed.The edge mantle retraction ratio and the response time of all three cooling groups tended to increase gradually (Those of natural and acute cooling groups were significantly higher than those of gradient cooling groups), and the heart rate was negatively correlated with the response time of the mantle. The contents of water, crude protein, crude fat and muscle glycogen all showed a decreasing trend, and the consumption of glycogen was the largest. Less loss of nutrients before live transport was observed in the gradient cooling groups compared with the other groups. The microstructure also shows that the closed shell muscles in the gradient cooling group were closely arranged without an obvious fracture. This study indicates that inducing P. yessoensis to enter dormancy or semi-dormancy state by gradient cooling and then keeping them alive without water, is beneficial to improving the survival rate of living P. yessoensis, reducing the loss of nutrients during the live transport, and maintaining the vitality of living P. yessoensis, so it is more conducive to its anhydrous living-preservation.
- Patinopecten yessoensis /
- Cold stress /
- Live transport /
- Life characteristics /
- Nutritional quality

HTML全文

图 1 虾夷扇贝心率测定流程图

Figure 1. Flow chart of heart rate determination of P. yessoensis

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图 2 虾夷扇贝冻结曲线

Figure 2. Freezing curve of P. yessoensis

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图 3 不同冷胁迫方式下虾夷扇贝无水保活期间的成活率

Figure 3. Survival rate of P. yessoensis during anhydrous living-preservation by different cold stress methods

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图 4 梯度降温过程中水温与心率、心脏振幅的相关性分析 (阴影区域为95%置信区间)

Figure 4. Correlation analysis of water temperature with heart rate and cardiac amplitude during gradient cooling process (95% confidence interval in shaded area)

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图 5 虾夷扇贝保活期缩边率和外套膜响应时间的变化

注：同⼀时间下，不同小写字⺟表示组间有显著性差异 (P<0.05)。

Figure 5. Mantle retraction ratio and mantle response time of P. yessoensis

Note: At the same time, different lowercase letters indicate significant difference among the groups (P<0.05).

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图 6 梯度 (a) 和急性 (b) 降温组生命特征指标相关性热图

注：由于散冰降温组在保活第3天无规律心电图，在此不做相关性分析。

Figure 6. Heat map of correlation of vital feature indicators in gradient (a) and acute (b) cooling groups

Note: Since the natural cooling group hadan irregular electrocardiogram on the 3^rd day of keeping alive, no correlation analysis is done.

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图 7 不同冷胁迫方式对虾夷扇贝冰温保活期肌肉组织结构的影响 (纵切面×400)

注：a. 保活前；b. 梯度降温组；c. 急性降温组；d. 散冰降温组；BC. 降温前；AC. 降温后；黑色箭头指示肌间间隙变化情况，红色箭头指示肌纤维断裂变化情况。

Figure 7. Effect of different cold stress methods on P. yessoensis during keep alive period at ice temperature (Longitudinal sections×400)

Note: a. Before keeping alive; b. Gradient cooling group; c. Acute cooling group; d. Natural cooling of crush ice group; BC. Before cooling; AC. After cooling; black arrows indicate changes in the intermuscular space, and red arrows indicate changes in muscle fiber rupture.

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表 1 不同温度下虾夷扇贝活动状态

Table 1. Status of P. yessoensis at different temperatures

温度 Temperature/℃	成活率 Survival rate/%	目测现象 Visual inspection phenomenon
10	100	双壳自然张开，外套膜眼点清晰，腮丝分明，触须自然伸出，轻触迅速闭壳，闭壳力度大，有跳跃逃逸滤水行为
5	100	部分双壳微张，部分闭合，部分可看到外套膜眼点，不见腮丝、触须，轻触部分无反应，部分缓慢闭壳，闭壳力度小，无跳跃逃逸行为，部分有滤水行为
3	100	大部分双壳紧闭，少部分壳微开，玻棒敲击缓慢闭壳，离水后10 min内可正常开壳闭壳
1	100	双壳紧闭，玻棒敲击无反应，置于15 ℃海水约15 min可缓慢开壳闭壳
0	100	双壳紧闭，玻棒敲击无反应，置于15 ℃海水中约2 h恢复正常开壳闭壳
−1	100	双壳紧闭，玻棒敲击无反应，扇贝边缘及外壳有微冻现象，置于15 ℃暂养约3 h部分扇贝壳微开
−2	80	双壳紧闭，玻棒敲击无反应，扇贝边缘及外壳出现冰膜，将部分扇贝开壳，发现外套膜有微冻现象，其余扇贝置于15 ℃海水中暂养3 h部分壳微张，轻触缓慢闭壳，有部分扇贝死亡

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表 2 冷胁迫休眠诱导方式对虾夷扇贝保活期间心率的影响

Table 2. Effect of cold stress on heart rate of P. yessoensis during keep alive period 次·min⁻¹

冷胁迫方式　　　 Cold stress	降温前 Before cooling	保活1 d Keep alive for 1 d	保活2 d Keep alive for 2 d	保活3 d Keep alive for 3 d
散冰降温 Natural cooling of crush ice	18.39±0.3	22.26±0.17^b	21.55±0.23^b	—
急性降温 Acute cooling		27.18±0.37^a	24.6±0.91^a	21.23±0.17^b
梯度降温 Gradient cooling		26.17±2.47^a	25.89±1.94^a	22.10±1.09^a
注：同列不同上标字母表示组间有显著性差异 (P<0.05)；表3同此。 Note: Different superscript letters indicate significant difference among the groups (P<0.05). The same case in Table 3.

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表 3 冷胁迫休眠诱导方式对虾夷扇贝保活期间心脏振幅的影响

Table 3. Effect of cold stress on cardiac amplitude of P. yessoensis during keep alive period V

冷胁迫方式　　　 Cold stress	降温前 Before cooling	保活1 d Keep alive for 1 d	保活2 d Keep alive for 2 d	保活3 d Keep alive for 3 d
散冰降温 Natural cooling of crush ice	1.59±0.1	1.63±0.00^a	1.59±0.02^a	—
急性降温 Acute cooling		1.61±0.02^a	1.58±0.00^a	1.60±0.01^a
梯度降温 Gradient cooling		1.58±0.00^b	1.52±0.00^b	1.53±0.01^b
注：“—”代表无规律的心电图。 Note: "—" represents irregular electrocardiogram.

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表 4 保活期内活品虾夷扇贝的活力等级

Table 4. Vitality levels of P. yessoensis during keep alive period

等级 Grade	心率 Heart rate/(次·min⁻¹)	外套膜响应时间 Mantle response time/s
一级 First rate	25~27	0~2
二级 Second rate	22~24	3~5
三级 Third rate	20~23	6~8
四级 Fourth rate	无规律	9~11
五级 Fifth rate	无规律	>15

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表 5 冷胁迫方式对虾夷扇贝保活期间主要营养物质的影响

Table 5. Effect of cold stress on main nutrients of P. yessoensis during keep alive period

	组别 Group	水分质量分数 Moisture mass fraction/%	粗蛋白质量分数 Crude protein mass fraction/%	粗脂肪质量分数 Crude fat mass fraction/%	肌糖原质量分数 Muscle glycogen mass fraction/(mg·g⁻¹)	肌乳酸质量摩尔浓度 Lactate molality/ (mmol·g⁻¹)
降温前 Before cooling		69.24±0.61^a	18.49±0.69^a	2.88±0.15^a	19.33±0.17^a	6.53±0.38^c
降温后 After cooling	散冰组	69.06±0.39^a	18.08±0.78^a	2.37±0.59^a	17.61±0.34^b	12.37±0.59^a
	急性组	69.90±0.62^a	18.46±0.50^a	2.13±0.09^a	17.51±0.42^b	10.46±0.56^b
	梯度组	70.30±0.68^a	18.64±0.53^a	2.29±0.15^a	18.92±0.27^a	9.62±0.42^b
保活3 d Keep alive for 3 d	散冰组	67.13±1.00^a	13.46±0.59^b	1.39±0.34^b	14.56±0.31^a	17.52±0.48^a
	急性组	62.91±0.58^b	15.48±0.92^ab	1.46±0.07^b	15.82±0.41^b	13.75±0.72^b
	梯度组	63.79±0.49^b	16.91±1.23^a	1.88±0.21^a	17.30±0.49^c	12.23±0.12^c
注：同列中不同字母间存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。 Note: Values with different letters within the same column indicate significant difference (P<0.05).

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