Structural characteristics and relative influencing factors of macrobenthos community in intertidal zone of Daya Bay
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摘要: 近年来受人为扰动等多种因素影响,大亚湾大型底栖动物群落结构及潮间带的生态功能发生了明显变化。为掌握大亚湾近岸海域生态系统变化规律,根据2021年夏季 (8月) 和秋季 (11月) 在大亚湾获取的6条潮间带断面 (3条砂质、2条泥质和1条人工岸线) 的大型底栖动物和栖息环境调查数据,对其群落结构特征及影响因素进行了分析。共鉴定大型底栖动物118种,其中夏季82种、秋季64种,均以软体动物最多,节肢动物次之,环节动物第三。6条采样断面中,夏、秋季大型底栖动物平均生物量和栖息密度分别为589.36、188.22 g·m−2和356.39、1 010.3 个·m−2,均以软体动物和节肢动物占比较高。聚类分析和多维尺度排序分析结果表明,大亚湾潮间带大型底栖动物可划分为沙相、泥相和人工岸线3个群落。其中,人工岸线群落多样性指数最高,稳定性最佳。冗余分析表明,底质类型和人为干扰是影响大亚湾潮间带大型底栖动物群落结构变化的主要因素。Abstract: In recent years, the structure of macrobenthic community and ecological functions of intertidal zone in Daya Bay have changed significantly due to the influence of various factors such as anthropogenic disturbances. In order to understand the changing patterns of ecosystem functioning in the coastal waters of Daya Bay, we obtained the data on the macrobenthos and habitats in six intertidal sections (Three sands, two muds and one artificial shoreline) in summer (August) and autumn (November) of 2021, and analyzed their community structure characteristics and influencing factors. The results show that a total of 118 species were identified, including 82 species in summer and 64 species in autumn, among which molluscs had the largest quantity in both seasons followed by arthropods and annelids. The mean biomasses of the six sampling sections in two seasons were 589.36 and 188.22 g·m−2, and the mean abundances were 356.39 and 1 010.3 ind·m−2, respectively, with molluscs and arthropods accounting for a higher proportion. The results of cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling show that the macrobenthic fauna community in the survey areas displayed significant spatial differences. The macrobenthos in the intertidal zone of Daya Bay could be divided into three communities: sand facies, mud facies and artificial shoreline, among which the artificial shoreline community had the highest diversity index and best community stability. Distance-based redundancy analysis indicates that the structure of intertidal macrobenthic community was mainly affected by sediment type and anthropogenic disturbance.
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Key words:
- Macrobenthic fauna /
- Intertidal zone /
- Community structure /
- Daya Bay
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表 1 大亚湾潮间带区域环境因子
Table 1. Environmental factors in intertidal zone of Daya Bay
环境因子 Environmental factor 断面 (夏季) Section (Summer) SZ01 SZ02 SZ03 NZ04 NZ05 HZ06 温度 Temperature/℃ 30.3 29.2 30.3 31.4 31.9 33.9 盐度 Salinity/‰ 32.83 33.22 33.33 33.03 33.36 33.10 人为扰动 Artificial disturbance II III II II Ⅰ III 底质类型 Substrate type S S S M M A 溶解氧质量浓度 DO/(mg·L−1) 7.80 6.17 5.94 5.47 6.30 6.07 亚硝酸盐氮质量浓度 NO2 −-N /(mg·L−1) 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.005 0.003 0.006 硝酸盐氮质量浓度 NO3 −-N /(mg·L−1) 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.012 0.006 0.006 氨氮质量浓度 NH4 +-N /(mg·L−1) 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.037 0.006 0.006 悬浮物质量浓度 SS/(mg·L−1) 2 2 2 4 4 5 化学需氧量 COD/(mg·L−1) 0.7 1.2 0.7 4.3 1.6 1.5 总氮质量浓度 TN/(mg·L−1) 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.16 0.15 0.17 总磷质量浓度 TP/(mg·L−1) 0.018 0.009 0.017 0.030 0.015 0.019 环境因子
Environmental factor断面 (秋季) Section (Autumn) SZ01 SZ02 SZ03 NZ04 NZ05 HZ06 温度 Temperature/℃ 21.5 20.7 19.4 18.4 21.0 21.6 盐度 Salinity/‰ 31.31 31.21 31.09 30.51 31.24 31.26 人为扰动 Artificial disturbance II III II II Ⅰ III 底质类型 Substrate type S S S M M A 溶解氧质量浓度 DO/(mg·L−1) 6.84 7.13 6.81 6.92 5.00 4.42 亚硝酸盐氮质量浓度 NO2 −-N /(mg·L−1) 0.005 0.006 0.003 0.003 0.005 0.004 硝酸盐氮质量浓度 NO3 −-N /(mg·L−1) 0.007 0.012 0.010 0.006 0.016 0.018 氨氮质量浓度 NH4 +-N/(mg·L−1) 0.006 0.006 0.021 0.006 0.019 0.008 悬浮物质量浓度 SS/(mg·L−1) 5 4 4 6 4 6 化学需氧量 COD/(mg·L−1) 0.7 0.7 0.6 1.1 0.7 0.6 总氮质量浓度 TN/(mg·L−1) 0.07 0.05 0.07 0.05 0.11 0.05 总磷质量浓度 TP/(mg·L−1) 0.018 0.015 0.011 0.022 0.017 0.015 注:I. 轻度扰动;II. 中度扰动;III. 重度扰动;S. 沙相;M. 泥相;A. 人工混合岸线。 Note: I. Mild disturbance; II. Moderate disturbance; III. Severe disturbance; S. Sand; M. Mud; A. Artificial shoreline. 表 2 大亚湾夏季和秋季潮间带生物的类群组成
Table 2. Taxa composition of organisms in intertidal zone of Daya Bay in summer and autumn
季节
Season项目
Item类群 Taxa 合计
Total软体动物 Mollusca 节肢动物 Arthropoda 环节动物 Annelida 脊索动物 Chordatta 棘皮动物 Echinodermata 夏季 Summer 生物量 Biomass/(g·m−2) 571.15 17.09 1.05 0.07 0 589.36 栖息密度 Density/(个·m−2) 307.12 27.78 20.83 0.67 0 356.39 秋季 Autumn 生物量 Biomass/(g·m−2) 155.65 31.45 0.91 0.18 0.03 188.22 栖息密度 Density/(个·m−2) 314.89 657.51 36.79 0.89 0.22 1010.30 表 3 大亚湾潮间带大型底栖动物的群落多样性水平
Table 3. Community diversity levels of macrobenthos in intertidal zone of Daya Bay
断面Section 夏季 Summer 秋季 Autumn 多样性指数 (H')Shannon-Wiener index 均匀度指数 (J')Evenness index 多样性指数 (H')Shannon-Wiener index 均匀度指数 (J')Evenness index SZ01 2.08 0.80 2.93 0.93 SZ02 1.83 0.71 1.60 0.80 SZ03 0.35 0.11 2.11 0.64 NZ04 1.60 0.39 1.81 0.52 NZ05 1.68 0.51 1.44 0.51 HZ06 3.12 0.66 2.39 0.66 平均值 Average 1.78 0.53 2.05 0.68 表 4 大亚湾潮间带大型底栖生物群落差异SIMPER分析结果
Table 4. Results of SIMPER analysis of macrobenthic community differences in intertidal zone of Daya Bay
物种 Species 平均栖息密度Average density/(个·m−2) 贡献率Contribution rate/% 累计贡献率Cumulative contribution rate/% 群落I (沙相) Community I (Sand) 角眼沙蟹 Ocypode ceratophthalmus 0.92 26.05 26.05 多斑细螯寄居蟹 Clibanarius multipunctatum 0.69 16.66 42.72 䗉螺 Umbonium vestiarium 1.52 13.37 56.08 等边浅蛤 Gomphina aequilatera 0.72 10.23 66.32 红点黎明蟹 Matuta lunaris 0.65 10.02 76.33 鳞腹沟虫 Scolelepis squamata 0.61 9.16 85.49 豆斧蛤 Donax faba 0.40 4.75 90.24 群落II (泥相) Community II (Mud) 腺带刺沙蚕 Neanthes glandicincta 2.74 47.94 47.94 日本大眼蟹 Macrophthalmus japoicus 1.54 20.83 68.76 背毛背蚓虫 Notomastus cf. aberans 1.59 16.40 85.16 巴布亚沟鰕虎鱼 Oxyurichthys papuensis 0.77 6.80 91.97 群落III (人工岸线) Community III (Artificial shoreline) 棘刺牡蛎 Saccostrea echinata 6.34 18.32 18.32 青蚶 Barbatia virescens 5.75 15.73 34.05 平轴螺 Planaxis sulcatus 4.62 12.34 46.39 网纹藤壶 Balanus reticulatus 6.66 9.91 56.30 日本花棘石鳖 Liolophura japonica 3.09 9.07 65.38 刻缘短齿蛤 Brachidontes emarginatus 3.90 8.77 74.15 独齿围沙蚕 Perinereis cultrifera 3.44 7.22 81.36 光滑异装蟹 Heteropanope glabra 3.25 6.07 87.43 海蟑螂 Ligia exotica 1.73 5.05 92.48 表 5 大亚湾潮间带大型底栖动物历史数据比较
Table 5. Comparison of historical data of macrobenthos in intertidal zone of Daya Bay
调查时间Survey time 底质类型Substrate type 种类数Number of species 生物量Biomass/(g·m−2) 栖息密度Density/(个·m−2) 多样性指数 (H')Shannon-Wiener index 均匀度指数 (J')Evenness index 参考文献Reference 1986—1989 泥砂质、岩礁 456 435.95 1239.00 [27-28] 1992 泥砂质、岩礁 315 584.26 179.36 [29] 2001-11 泥砂质、岩礁 146 1 954.26 1 003.77 2.66 0.68 [29] 2018—2019 泥砂质、岩礁 180 338.37 1 030.30 1.89 0.64 [30] 2021-08, 2021-11 泥砂质、岩礁 118 589.36 356.39 1.92 0.61 本文 -
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