Diversity and vertical variation of plankton in Lugu Lake
-
摘要: 2020年1月、5月、9月利用系统抽样法对泸沽湖浮游生物多样性、密度和生物量进行调查,并对浮游生物密度垂直变化规律进行研究,为泸沽湖渔业管理、珍稀濒危鱼类的生境恢复及水生生态环境保护提供科学依据。调查共鉴定浮游生物243种,其中浮游植物7门10纲23目41科85属148种,小转板藻 (Mougeotia parvula)、克洛脆杆藻 (Fragilaria crotonensis) 为主要优势类群;浮游动物12目28科58属95种,透明溞 (Daphnia hyaline)、方形网纹溞 (Ceriodaphnia quadrangular) 为主要优势类群。由于水质变化及人为干扰,泸沽湖浮游生物物种组成已发生一定程度变化。浮游动植物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数 (H') 与Pielou均匀度指数 (J') 在各采样月份波动一致,均为1月>5月>9月。浮游生物密度与生物量在不同采样月份呈现较大差异,浮游植物密度9月>5月>1月,而各采样月份浮游动物的密度差别较小,浮游植物生物量1月>9月>5月,浮游动物生物量5月>9月>1月,相关分析结果显示,在5月和9月,捕食关系密切的物种之间在密度和生物量上均表现出显著的正相关。浮游生物密度垂直变化规律研究表明:浮游生物密度的垂直变化与泸沽湖水体温度的垂直变化有密切关系,浮游植物密度在1月和5月随着水层深度的增加先升高后降低,而在9月先降低后升高;浮游动物密度在1月随着水层深度的增加而降低,在5月先升高后降低,在9月先降低后升高;浮游动植物关系在不同水层也有一定的差异。初步推断温度的垂直变化是影响部分水层中浮游动植物分布以及两者关系的重要因素。Abstract: To provide scientific basis for the fishery management, the habitat restoration of rare and endangered fish, and the aquatic ecological environment protection in Lugu Lake, we investigated the biodiversity, density and biomass of plankton in Lugu Lake in January, May and September of 2020 by using the systematic sampling method. Meanwhile, we studied the vertical variation of plankton density. A total of 148 species of phytoplankton had been identified, which belonged to 7 Phyla, 10 Classes, 23 Orders, 41 Families and 85 Genera, among which Mougeotia parvula and Fragilaria crotonensis were the main dominant phytoplanktons. A total of 95 species of zooplankton had been identified, which belonged to 12 Orders, 28 Families and 58 Genera, among which Daphnia hyalina and Ceriodaphnia quadrangula were the main dominant zooplanktons. The species composi tion of plankton in Lugu Lake had changed to some extent due to water quality change and human disturbance. The phytoplankton Shannon-Wiener index (H') and Pielou evenness index (J') were consistent in the sampling months, with a descending order of January>May >September. The density and biomass of plankton were significantly different in the sampling months, and the density of phytoplankton followed a descending order of September>May>January. The density of zooplankton varied little in the sampling months. The phytoplankton biomass followed a descending order of January>September>May. The zooplankton biomass followed a descending order of May>September>January. The results of correlation analysis show that in May and September, there were significant positive correlations in the density and biomass between species with close predation relationship. The vertical variation of plankton in Lugu Lake shows that the vertical variation of plankton was related to the appearance and movement of thermodynamic stratification in the lake. With the increase of water depth: 1) The density of phytoplankton first increased and then decreased in January and May, but first decreased then increased in September. 2) The density of zooplankton decreased in January, first increased and then decreased in May, but decreased and then increased in September. The zooplankton-phytoplankton relationship also varied at different water layers. It is preliminarily assumed that the vertical change of temperature affects the vertical distribution of plankton, and their relationships in different water layers are also affected.
-
Key words:
- Plankton /
- Diversity index /
- Vertical variation /
- Biomass /
- Seasonal variation /
- Lugu Lake
-
表 1 泸沽湖浮游生物样点坐标
Table 1. Coordinate of plankton samplinig sites in Lugu Lake
样线编号
Line No.样方坐标 Quadrat coordinate 10 m 20 m 30 m 40 m 1 100°49'47"E, 27°41'58"N 100°49'29"E, 27°41'53"N 100°49'21"E, 27°41'41"N 100°49'08"E, 27°41'05"N 2 100°48'54"E, 27°40'29"N 100°48'52"E, 27°40'30"N 100°48'50"E, 27°40'32"N 100°48'45"E, 27°40'38"N 3 100°47'52"E, 27°41'45"N 100°47'53"E, 27°41'43"N 100°47'54"E, 27°41'43"N 100°48'02"E, 27°41'34"N 4 100°46'33"E, 27°40'40"N 100°46'35"E, 27°40'43"N 100°46'39"E, 27°40'46"N 100°46'41"E, 27°40'50"N 5 100°45'14"E, 27°41'41"N 100°45'17"E, 27°41'41"N 100°45'19"E, 27°41'45"N 100°45'52"E, 27°41'58"N 6 100°46'37"E, 27°42'10"N 100°46'38"E, 27°42'11"N 100°46'39"E, 27°42'13"N 100°46'41"E, 27°42'20"N 7 100°45'01"E, 27°43'29"N 100°45'01"E, 27°43'28"N 100°45'02"E, 27°43'27"N 100°45'11"E, 27°43'18"N 8 100°45'35"E, 27°43'33"N 100°45'38"E, 27°43'34"N 100°45'51"E, 27°43'35"N 100°46'22"E, 27°43'35"N 9 100°48'01"E, 27°42'05"N 100°48'01"E, 27°42'05"N 100°47'59"E, 27°42'07"N 100°47'51"E, 27°42'08"N 10 100°48'01"E, 27°44'50"N 100°48'02"E, 27°44'38"N 100°48'02"E, 27°44'27"N 100°48'05"E, 27°44'20"N 11 100°49'05"E, 27°43'55"N 100°48'50"E, 27°43'55"N 100°48'19"E, 27°43'43"N 100°48'04"E, 27°43'31"N 表 2 泸沽湖浮游植物多样性指数和均匀度指数
Table 2. Shannon-Wiener index and Pielou evenness index of phytoplankton
类群
Group指数
Index1月
Jan.5月
May9月
Sep.均值
Mean浮游生物 Plankton 多样性指数 Shannon-Wiener (H') 2.549 2.153 0.713 1.805 均匀度指数 Pielou evenness (J') 0.422 0.355 0.128 0.302 浮游植物 Phytoplankton 多样性指数 Shannon-Wiener (H') 2.461 2.087 0.704 1.751 均匀度指数 Pielou evenness (J') 0.518 0.421 0.156 0.365 浮游动物 Zooplankton 多样性指数 Shannon-Wiener (H') 4.084 4.034 3.616 3.911 均匀度指数 Pielou evenness (J') 0.810 0.793 0.789 0.797 表 3 泸沽湖各季节浮游生物密度与生物量
Table 3. Seasonal density and biomass of plankton in Lugu Lake
项目
Item1月 Jan. 5月 May 范围
Range均值±标准差
$\overline { X}\pm { \rm {SD} }$范围
Range均值±标准差
$\overline { X}\pm { \rm {SD} }$浮游生物
Plankton密度 Density/(104个·L−1) 0.902 3~22.527 5 4.072 4±3.500 4 2.528 8~15.540 0 6.266 5±2.730 8 生物量 Biomass/(mg·L−1) 0.130 6~5.115 4 0.692 7±0.788 6 0.422 7~3.984 3 1.306 9±0.898 6 浮游植物
Phytoplankton密度 Density/(104个·L−1) 0.900 0~22.525 0 4.068 7±3.500 2 2.5250~15.5375 6.263 0±2.730 7 生物量 Biomass/(mg·L−1) 0.004 1~0.4899 0.141 8±0.101 0 0.012 5~0.129 3 0.051 8±1.019 9 浮游动物
Zooplankton密度 Density/(104个·L−1) 0.001 3~0.009 0 0.003 7±0.001 6 0.013 0~0.063 0 0.003 5±0.001 3 生物量 Biomass/(mg·L−1) 0.030 4~4.900 7 0.550 9±0.664 4 0.316 6~3.970 0 1.255 1±0.897 6 项目
Item9月 Sep. 年均值
Annual average范围 Range 均值±标准差 $\overline { X}\pm { \rm {SD} }$ 浮游生物
Plankton密度 Density/(104个·L−1) 8.792 0~168.018 3 62.116 4±42.715 2 24.151 8 生物量 Biomass/(mg·L−1) 0.091 8~1.495 0 0.871 7±0.349 0 0.990 4 浮游植物
Phytoplankton密度 Density/(104个·L−1) 8.787 5~168.012 5 62.112 8±42.715 1 24.148 2 生物量 Biomass/(mg·L−1) 0.044 5~0.337 0 0.113 7±0.063 0 0.102 4 浮游动物
Zooplankton密度 Density/(104个·L−1) 0.001 5~0.007 5 0.003 6±0.001 4 0.003 6 生物量 Biomass/(mg·L−1) 0.023 0~1.383 5 0.758 0±0.327 5 0.888 0 表 4 各季节浮游动物-浮游植物密度相关性分析
Table 4. Density correlation analysis of zooplankton-phytoplankton in different seasons
类别
Category蓝藻门
Cyanophyta硅藻门
Bacillariophyta金藻门
Chrysophyta甲藻门
Pyrrophyta裸藻门
Euglenophyta绿藻门
Chlorophyta1月
Jan.5月
May9月
Sep.1月
Jan.5月
May9月
Sep.1月
Jan5月
May9月
Sep.1月
Jan.5月
May9月
Sep.1月
Jan.1月
Jan.5月
May9月
Sep.原生动物
ProtozoaR −0.038 0.002 −0.049 0.307* −0.042 −0.055 0.227 0.192 0.014 0.239 −0.247 0.599** 0.254 0.222 −0.122 −0.079 P 0.805 0.990 0.750 0.042 0.785 0.724 0.138 0.212 0.928 0.118 0.106 0.000 0.096 0.148 0.429 0.609 轮虫类
RotiferaR 0.015 −0.233 −0.074 0.011 −0.045 −0.037 0.168 0.008 0.035 −0.095 0.128 0.226 0.267 −0.015 0.101 0.105 P 0.921 0.128 0.634 0.944 0.770 0.810 0.276 0.959 0.824 0.538 0.407 0.140 0.080 0.922 0.516 0.497 枝角类
CladoceraR −0.163 0.099 0.106 −0.057 0.218 0.148 −0.060 −0.019 −0.267 0.361* 0.024 0.210 −0.260 0.130 0.395** −0.237 P 0.291 0.521 0.492 0.713 0.155 0.337 0.701 0.900 0.080 0.016 0.877 0.171 0.089 0.399 0.008 0.122 桡足类
CopepodsR −0.088 0.110 0.056 0.168 −0.034 0.083 −0.072 0.222 −0.012 0.284 0.151 0.375* −0.086 0.382* −0.146 0.015 P 0.569 0.476 0.718 0.276 0.824 0.591 0.645 0.147 0.937 0.062 0.329 0.012 0.580 0.011 0.344 0.921 注:*. P<0.05;**. P<0.01;后表同此。 Note: *. P<0.05; **. P<0.01; the same case in the following tables. 表 5 各季节浮游动物-浮游植物生物量相关性分析
Table 5. Biomass correlation analysis of zooplankton-phytoplankton in different seasons
类别
Category蓝藻门
Cyanophyta硅藻门
Bacillariophyta金藻门
Chrysophyta甲藻门
Pyrrophyta裸藻门
Euglenophyta绿藻门
Chlorophyta1月
Jan.5月
May9月
Sep.1月
Jan.5月
May9月
Sep.1月
Jan.5月
May9月
Sep.1月
Jan.5月
May9月
Sep.1月
Jan.1月
Jan.5月
May9月
Sep.原生动物
ProtozoaR 0.004 −0.129 −0.005 0.274 −0.025 −0.088 0.235 0.198 0.040 0.268 −0.254 0.626** 0.241 0.230 0.118 −0.096 P 0.979 0.405 0.972 0.072 0.873 0.570 0.124 0.199 0.794 0.078 0.096 0.000 0.116 0.132 0.445 0.535 轮虫类
RotiferaR −0.113 −0.252 −0.112 −0.064 −0.092 −0.041 0.195 −0.073 0.056 −0.110 0.095 0.225 0.161 0.032 −0.303* 0.159 P 0.465 0.099 0.468 0.682 0.554 0.790 0.205 0.639 0.718 0.477 0.539 0.143 0.298 0.838 0.046 0.304 枝角类
CladoceraR −0.082 0.173 0.103 −0.284 0.157 0.142 −0.111 −0.018 −0.278 0.227 0.047 0.287 −0.259 −0.236 0.382* −0.235 P 0.599 0.263 0.506 0.061 0.309 0.359 0.472 0.910 0.067 0.139 0.763 0.059 0.090 0.123 0.011 0.125 桡足类
CopepodsR −0.075 0.043 −0.017 −0.233 0.070 0.056 −0.118 0.236 −0.032 0.080 0.097 0.355* −0.006 0.022 −0.150 −0.018 P 0.628 0.782 0.913 0.128 0.653 0.719 0.447 0.123 0.837 0.607 0.532 0.018 0.969 0.888 0.331 0.905 表 6 各季节浮游动植物密度与样点平均水温相关分析
Table 6. Correlation analysis of phytoplankton and zooplankton density and average water temperature in differrent seasons
类群
Group1月均温
Average temperature in Jan.5月均温
Average temperature in May9月均温
Average temperature in Sep.R P R P R P 浮游植物 Phytoplankton −0.030 0.846 −0.500* 0.020 −0.563* 0.027 浮游动物 Zooplankton −0.269 0.077 0.581* 0.016 0.611** <0.001 表 7 各水层浮游动植物密度相关分析
Table 7. Correlation analysis of phytoplankton and zooplankton density at different water layers
水层
Water layer/m1月 Jan. 5月 May 9月 Sep. R P R P R P 0~10 0.142 0.678 0.288 0.391 0.784** 0.004 10~20 −0.182 0.592 −0.320 0.337 0.239 0.480 20~30 0.776** 0.005 0.100 0.769 0.349 0.292 30~40 −0.060 0.861 0.283 0.399 −0.313 0.348 -
[1] 彭徐, 徐大勇, 董艳珍, 等. 泸沽湖鱼类资源现状及保护对策[J]. 西昌学院学报(自然科学版), 2015, 29(2): 1-4. [2] 周杰. 宁蒗泸沽湖自然保护区的评价及其保护管理对策[J]. 林业调查规划, 2004, 29(增刊): 89-92. [3] 车星锦, 李华, 肖剑平, 等. 云南泸沽湖省级自然保护区鸟类多样性[J]. 西南林业大学学报(自然科学), 2019, 39(4): 116-124. [4] 胡涛, 张帆. 四川泸沽湖湿地自然保护区现状与对策探讨[J]. 资源节约与环保, 2015(7): 175. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-2251.2015.07.157 [5] GEORGE D G, TAYLOR A H. UK lake plankton and the Gulf Stream[J]. Nature, 1995, 378(6553): 139. doi: 10.1038/378139a0 [6] ELLIOTT J A, IRISH A E, REYNOLDS C S. The effects of vertical mixing on a phytoplankton community: a modelling approach to the intermediate disturbance hypothesis[J]. Freshw Biol, 2010, 46(10): 1291-1297. [7] LANDRY M R, HASSETT R P. Estimating the grazing impact of marine micro-zooplankton[J]. Mar Biol, 1982, 67(3): 283-288. doi: 10.1007/BF00397668 [8] 李菀劼, 李天安. 泸沽湖水资源平衡分析[J]. 西南师范大学学报 (自然科学版), 2009, 34(2): 85-88. [9] 吕少梁, 王学锋, 曾嘉维, 等. 防城港海域浮游植物群落结构及其环境适应性[J]. 南方水产科学, 2017, 13(4): 17-25. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-0780.2017.04.003 [10] 陈宜瑜, 张卫, 黄顺友. 泸沽湖裂腹鱼类的物种形成[J]. 动物学报, 1982, 28(3): 16-24. [11] 裴国凤, 刘国祥, 胡征宇. 云南高原湖泊沿岸带底栖藻类群落的分布[J]. 植物科学学报, 2008, 26(4): 373-378. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-0837.2008.04.010 [12] 伍焯田. 横断山中段地区轮虫种类组成和分布特点[M]//中国科学院青藏高原综合科学考察队. 青藏高原研究 横断山考察专集: 一. 昆明: 云南人民出版社, 1983: 299-311. [13] 陈受忠. 横断山区枝角类与桡足类分布[M]//中国科学院青藏高原综合科学考察队. 青藏高原研究 横断山考察专集: 一. 昆明: 云南人民出版社,s 1983: 34-37. [14] 董云仙, 谭志卫, 郭艳英. 泸沽湖浮游植物的初步研究[J]. 水生态学杂志, 2012, 33(3): 46-52. [15] 董云仙, 王忠泽. 泸沽湖表层水体浮游动物种群结构及季节变化[J]. 水生态学杂志, 2014, 35(6): 38-45. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-3075.2014.06.006 [16] 朱俊华, 姚俊杰, 谢巧雄, 等. 龙滩水库浮游动物生物量的垂直分布与季节性变化[J]. 贵州农业科学, 2014, 42(1): 163-166. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-3601.2014.01.041 [17] 朱爱娇, 姚建良, 薛俊增. 千岛湖蚤状溞垂直分布格局及其季节与昼夜变化[J]. 海洋湖沼通报, 2007(4): 120-128. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-6482.2007.04.019 [18] HAMPTON S E, GRAY D K, IZMEST'EVA L R, et al. The rise and fall of plankton: long-term changes in the vertical distribution of algae and grazers in Lake Baikal, Siberia[J]. PLoS One, 2014, 9(2): e88920. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088920 [19] 胡鸿钧, 李尧英, 魏印心, 等. 中国淡水藻类[M]. 上海: 上海科学技术出版社, 1980: 50-355. [20] 朱浩然. 中国淡水藻志·色球藻纲 (第2卷) [M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 1991: 66-403. [21] 中国科学院青藏高原综合科学考察队. 西藏藻类[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 1992: 43-96. [22] 齐雨藻. 中国淡水藻志·中心纲 (第4卷) [M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 1995: 62-330. [23] 《浙江省主要常见淡水藻类图集》编委会. 浙江省主要常见淡水藻类图集: 饮用水水源[M]. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社, 2010: 22-49. [24] 王家楫. 中国淡水轮虫志[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 1961: 21-282. [25] 沈家瑞, 戴爱云, 张崇洲, 等. 中国动物志·淡水桡足类[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 1979: 53-418. [26] 蒋燮治, 堵南山. 中国动物志·淡水枝角类[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 1979: 80-274. [27] 邵卫伟. 浙江省主要常见淡水浮游动物图集(饮用水源) [M]. 北京: 中国环境出版社, 2013: 18-41. [28] 沈韫芬. 原生动物学[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 1999: 80-103. [29] 章宗涉, 黄祥飞. 淡水浮游生物研究方法[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 1991: 34-344. [30] 韩茂森, 束蕴芳. 中国淡水生物图谱[M]. 北京: 海洋出版社, 1995: 2-342. [31] 张燕萍, 陈文静, 王海华, 等. 太泊湖水质生物学评价及鲢鳙鱼产力评估[J]. 水生态学杂志, 2015, 36(1): 94-100. [32] 赵文. 水生物学[M]. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 2005: 499-521. [33] 冯慧. 黄河上游龙羊峡—刘家峡河段水生生物多样性研究及生态系统健康评价[D]. 西安: 西北大学, 2009: 13-14. [34] 蔡阳, 陆欣鑫, 巴秋爽, 等. 镜泊湖春、夏两季浮游生物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系[J]. 海洋与湖沼, 2019, 50(1): 120-132. [35] 潘继征, 熊飞, 李文朝, 等. 抚仙湖浮游植物群落结构、分布及其影响因子[J]. 生态学报, 2009, 29(10): 5376-5385. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2009.10.024 [36] 吉聪聪, 杨雪, 陈宏健, 等. 温度与pH对方形网纹溞生长及生殖的影响[J]. 天津师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2015, 35(3): 105-108. [37] 刘飞, 杨超, 张家瑜, 等. 鱼类调控后毛里湖的浮游生物群落多样性与排序[J]. 生态学杂志, 2019, 38(1): 197-204. [38] 卢慧斌, 陈光杰, 陈小林, 等. 上行与下行效应对浮游动物的长期影响评价——以滇池与抚仙湖沉积物象鼻溞 (Bosmina) 为例[J]. 湖泊科学, 2015, 27(1): 67-75. doi: 10.18307/2015.0109 [39] BROWN J H, GILLOOLY J F, ALLEN A P, et al. Toward a metabolic theory of ecology[J]. Ecology, 2004, 85(7): 1771-1789. doi: 10.1890/03-9000 [40] 宋洪军, 张学雷, 王保栋, 等. 长江口及邻近海域浮游植物现存量的上下行控制分析[J]. 海洋学报, 2014, 36(8): 91-100. [41] 陈瑞祥, 蔡秉及, 林茂, 等. 南海中部海域浮游动物的垂直分布[J]. 海洋学报, 1988, 10(3): 337-341. [42] 薄芳芳, 杨虹, 左倬, 等. 上海公园水体9月浮游植物群落与环境因子的关系[J]. 生态学杂志, 2009, 28(7): 1259-1265. [43] 兰晨, 陈敬安, 曾艳, 等. 深水湖泊增氧理论与技术研究进展[J]. 地球科学进展, 2015, 30(10): 1172-1181. [44] 文新宇, 张虎才, 常凤琴, 等. 泸沽湖水体垂直断面季节性分层[J]. 地球科学进展, 2016, 31(8): 858-869. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2016.08.0858. [45] O'REILLY C M, ALIN S R, PLISNIER P D, et al. Climate change decreases aquatic ecosystem productivity of Lake Tanganyika, Africa[J]. Nature, 2003, 424(6950): 766-768. doi: 10.1038/nature01833 [46] VERBURG P, HECKY R E, KLING H. Ecological consequences of a century of warming in Lake Tanganyika[J]. Science, 2003, 301(5632): 505-507. [47] COATS R, PEREZLOSADA J, SCHLADOW G, et al. Warming of Lake Tahoe[J]. Clim Change, 2006, 76: 121-148. doi: 10.1007/s10584-005-9006-1 [48] REYNOLDS C, REYNOLDS C S, REYNOLDS C, et al. The ecology of freshwater phytoplankton[J]. J Ecol, 1984, 73(2): 722. [49] WINDER M, SCHLADOW J E R G. Lake warming favours small-sized planktonic diatom species[J]. Proc Biol, 2009, 276(1656): 427-435. [50] 王斌, 马健, 王银亚, 等. 天山天池水体季节性分层特征[J]. 湖泊科学, 2015, 27(6): 1197-1204. [51] 李欢, 张修峰, 刘正文. 浮游动物调控对浮游藻类的影响[J]. 生态科学, 2014, 33(1): 20-24. -
20210074-附录A.pdf
20210074-附录B.pdf
-